The Seagull by Anton Chekhov Plot Summary

The Seagull by Anton Chekhov is a slice-of-life drama set in the Russian countryside at the end of the 19th century. The cast of characters is dissatisfied with their lives. Some desire love. Some desire success. Some desire artistic genius. No one, however, ever seems to attain happiness. Scholars have often said that Chekhov’s plays are not plot driven. Instead, the plays are character studies designed to create a specific mood. Some critics view The Seagull as a tragic play about eternally unhappy people. Others see it as a humorous albeit bitter satire, poking fun at human folly. Synopsis of The Seagull: Act One The Setting: A rural estate surrounded by the tranquil countryside. Act One takes place outdoors, next to a beautiful lake. The estate is owned by Peter Nikolaevich Sorin, a retired civil servant of the Russian Army. The estate is managed by a stubborn, ornery man named Shamrayev. The play begins with Masha, the estate manager’s daughter, strolling along with an impoverished school teacher named Seymon Medvedenko. The opening lines set the tone for the entire play: Medvedenko: Why is it you always wear black? Masha: I’m in mourning for my life. I’m unhappy. Medvedenko loves her. However, Masha cannot return his affection. She loves Sorin’s nephew, the brooding playwright Konstantin Treplyov. Konstantin is oblivious to Masha because he is madly in love with his beautiful neighbor Nina. The young and lively Nina arrives, ready to perform in Konstantin’s strange, new play. She talks about the beautiful surroundings. She says she feels like a seagull. They kiss, but when he professes his love for her, she does not return his adoration. (Have you picked up on the theme of unrequited love?) Konstantin’s mother, Irina Arkadina, is a famous actress. She is the primary source of Konstantin’s misery. He does not like living in the shadow of his popular and superficial mother. To add to his disdain, he is jealous of Irina’s successful boyfriend, a famed novelist named Boris Trigorin. Irina represents a typical diva, made popular in traditional 1800s theater. Konstantin wants to create dramatic works that break away from tradition. He wants to create new forms. He despises the old-fashioned forms of Trigorin and Irina. Irina, Trigorin, and their friends arrive to watch the play. Nina begins performing a very surrealistic monologue: Nina: The bodies of all living creatures have disappeared into dust, and eternal matter has changed them into stones, into water, into clouds, while the souls have all united into one. That one soul of the world is I. Irina rudely interrupts several times until her son stops the performance altogether. He leaves in an indignant fury. Afterward, Nina mingles with Irina and Trigorin. She is enamored by their fame, and her flattery quickly infatuates Trigorin. Nina leaves for home; her parents do not approve of her associating with artists and bohemians. The rest go inside, with the exception of Irina’s friend, Dr. Dorn. He reflects upon the positive qualities of her son’s play. Konstantin returns and the doctor praises the drama, encouraging the young man to continue writing. Konstantin appreciates the compliments but desperately wants to see Nina again. He runs off into the darkness. Masha confides in Dr. Dorn, confessing her love for Konstantin. Dr. Dorn consoles her. Dorn: How troubled everyone is, how worried and anxious! And so much love†¦ Oh, you bewitching lake. (Gently.) But what can I do, my dear child? What? What? Act Two The Setting: A few days have passed since Act One. In between the two acts,  Konstatin  has become more depressed and erratic. He is upset by his artistic failure and Nina’s rejection. Most of Act Two takes place on the croquet lawn. Masha, Irina, Sorin, and Dr. Dorn are chatting with one another. Nina joins them, still ecstatic about being in the presence of a famous actress. Sorin complains about his health and how he never experienced a fulfilling life. Dr. Dorn offers no relief. He merely suggests sleeping pills. (He doesn’t have the best bedside manner.) Wandering by herself, Nina marvels at how strange it is to observe famous people enjoying everyday activities. Konstantin emerges from the woods. He has just shot and killed a seagull. He places the dead bird at Nina’s feet and then claims that soon he will kill himself. Nina can no longer relate to him. He speaks only in incomprehensible symbols. Konstantin believes that she does not love him because of his ill-received play. He sulks away as Trigorin enters. Nina admires Trigorin. â€Å"Your life is beautiful,† she says. Trigorin indulges himself by  discussing his not-so-satisfying but all-consuming life as a writer.  Nina expresses her desire to be famous: Nina: For the sake of happiness like that, being a writer or an actress, I would endure poverty, disillusionment, and the hatred of those close to me. I’d live in an attic and eat nothing but rye bread. I’d suffer dissatisfaction with myself in realizing my own fame. Irina interrupts their conversation to announce that they are extending their stay. Nina is delighted. Act Three The Setting: The dining room at Sorin’s house. A week has passed since Act Two. During that time, Konstantin has attempted suicide. His gunshot left him with a mild head wound and a distraught mother. He has now resolved to challenge Trigorin to a duel. (Notice how many of the intense events take place off stage or in between scenes. Chekhov was famous for indirect action.) The third act of Anton Chekhov’s  The Seagull  begins with Masha announcing her decision to marry the poor school teacher in order to stop loving Konstantin. Sorin worries about Konstantin. Irina refuses to give her son any money in order to travel abroad. She claims that she spends too much on her theater costumes. Sorin begins feeling faint. Konstantin, head bandaged from his self-inflicted wound, enters and revives his uncle. Sorin’s fainting spells have become common. He asks his mother to show generosity and loan Sorin money so that he could move into town. She replies, â€Å"I don’t have money. I’m an actress, not a banker.† Irina changes his bandages. This is an unusually tender moment between mother and son. For the first time in the play, Konstantin speaks lovingly to his mother, fondly remembering their past experiences. However, when the subject of Trigorin enters the conversation, they begin to fight again. At his mother’s urging, he agrees to call off the duel. He leaves as Trigorin enters. The famous novelist is enraptured by Nina, and Irina knows it. Trigorin wants Irina to set him free from their relationship so that he can pursue Nina and experience â€Å"the love of a young girl, charming, poetic, carrying me off into the realm of dreams.† Irina  is hurt and insulted by Trigorin’s declaration. She begs him not to leave. She is so desperately pathetic that he agrees to maintain their passionless relationship. However, as they prepare to leave the estate, Nina discreetly informs Trigorin that she is running away to Moscow to become an actress. Trigorin gives her the name of his hotel. Act Three ends as Trigorin and Nina share a prolonged kiss. Act Four The Setting: Two years pass. Act Four takes place in one of Sorin’s rooms. Konstantin has changed it into a writer’s study. The audience learns through exposition that during the last two years, Nina and Trigorin’s love affair has soured. She became pregnant, but the child died. Trigorin lost interest in her. She also became an actress, but not a very successful one. Konstantin has been depressed most of the time, but he has gained some success as a short story writer. Masha and her husband prepare the room for guests. Irina will be arriving for a visit. She has been summoned because her brother Sorin has not been feeling well. Medvendenko is anxious to return home and attend to their baby. However, Masha wants to stay. She is bored with her husband and family life. She still longs for Konstantin. She hopes to move away, believing that distance will diminish her heartache. Sorin, frailer than ever, laments the many things he wanted to achieve, yet he has not fulfilled a single dream. Dr. Dorn asks Konstantin about Nina. Konstantin explains her situation. Nina has written him a few times, signing her name as â€Å"The Seagull.† Medvedenko mentions having seen her in town recently. Trigorin and Irina return from the train station. Trigorin carries a copy of Konstantin’s published work. Apparently, Konstantin has many admirers in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Konstantin is no longer hostile to Trigorin, but he is not comfortable either. He leaves while Irina and the others play a Bingo-style parlor game. Shamrayev tells Trigorin that the seagull that Konstantin shot long ago has been stuffed and mounted, just as Trigorin wished. However, the novelist has no recollection of making such a request. Konstantin returns to work on his writing. The others leave to dine in the next room. Nina enters through the garden. Konstantin is surprised and happy to see her. Nina has changed much. She has become thinner; her eyes seem wild. She deliriously reflects about becoming an actress. And yet she claims, â€Å"Life is shabby.† Konstantin once again declares his undying love for her, despite how enraged she has made him in the past. Still, she does not return his affection. She calls herself ‘the seagull† and believes she â€Å"deserves to be killed.† She claims that she still loves Trigorin more than ever. Then she remembers how young and innocent she and Konstantin once were. She repeats part of the  monologue  from his play. Then, she suddenly embraces him and runs away, exiting through the garden. Konstantin pauses a moment. Then, for two full minutes he tears up all his manuscripts. He exits into another room. Irina, Dr. Dorn, Trigorin and others re-enter the study to continue socializing. A  gunshot  is heard in the next room, startling everyone. Dr. Dorn says it is probably nothing. He peeks through the  door but tells Irina it was merely a burst bottle from his medicine case. Irina is greatly relieved. However, Dr. Dorn takes Trigorin aside and delivers the final lines of the play: Take Irina Nikolaevna somewhere, away from here. The fact is, Konstantin Gavrilovich has shot himself. Study Questions What is Chekhov saying about Love? Fame? Regret? Why do so many of the characters desire those they cannot have? What is the effect of having much of the play’s action to place off stage? Why do you suppose Chekhov ended the play before the audience is able to witness Irina discovering her son’s death? What does the dead seagull symbolize?

Essay on Sweatshops - 1080 Words

Sweatshops in the United States Americans love to shop. With malls everywhere you go, shopping just might be Americas favorite past time! When you are out shopping though, do you ever stop to think where all of those clothes and shoes come from? When I was younger, well, actually until recently, I always thought they were all made by machines. Shirt machines, pants machinesamp;#8230;you get the picture. I have learned, however, that for the most part, clothes are still made on sewing machines, by people, and often under circumstances that we can only imagine. Sweatshops have always been a problem in the Unites States, especially during the past century. Unfair working conditions and pay prompted the formation of the Garment Worker†¦show more content†¦In some cases, Ive learned, with brute force. On August 2, 1995, the Department of Labor raided a factory in El Monte, California. There they found 72 garment workers, mostly Thai and Mexican immigrants, being forced to work 17 hours a day at wages between $.60 and $1.60 and hour. They were literally held captive at the factory by barbwire and armed guards. Employees were threatened with rape and violence if they attempted escape. The El Monte sweatshop was finally discovered when an employee escaped through a ventilation shaft. In many sweatshops, however, the workers are there voluntarily. Even the meager wages earned are more than the undocumented immigrants workers would earn in their home countries. As long as there is a supply of willing workers, sweatshops will flourish. So what can be done? How can the sweatshop problem in the United States be resolved? Is there even a plausible solution? Through my research for this speech I have discovered that everyone seems to have a solution, yet putting the solutions into action is another thing altogether. Of the many solutions to the problem, the main, and most obvious solution, is government regulation. The Department of Labor monitors the garment industry, but with 800 inspectors for 22,000 garment contractors, in addition to 6 million AmericanShow MoreRelatedSweatshop1017 Words   |  5 PagesSweatshop is Conflicts With the Moral Standards PMP 400 Quan Zhang ( Lyla) Royal Roads University Elvira Perrella March 9, 2015 Sweatshop is Conflicts With the Moral Standards Green, B., Norton, S. (2011). Reading. In. W, Anne M. Laura ( Eds.), Essay essentials with readings (pp. 336- 341). Toronto, ON: Nelson Education Ltd. In the article, before the research, like many people, the author’s attitude was old, but after the research, the author’s attitude changedRead MoreSweatshop Exploitation And Responsibility Of Sweatshops1998 Words   |  8 PagesHumanities 3rd Blue 12 November 2014 Sweatshop Exploitation and Responsibility Sweatshops were first well known to the public eye when several major corporations’ exploitation of workers were revealed during the late twentieth century. Sweatshops generally are factories that provide workers with socially unacceptable working conditions, especially dealing with clothing items. With the expanding apparel industries around the world, more and more corporations are using sweatshop factories to their advantageRead MoreThe Benefits Of Sweatshops884 Words   |  4 Pages There are many views with the problem of utilizing sweatshops in developing economies. Many insist that utilizing sweatshops in developing economies composes exploitation. In certain circumstances, this may be true, but not all. It is an ongoing controversy of demolishing sweatshops and changing the laws of labor. Many anti-sweatshop activist supports the idea of demolishing sweatshops. Activist commonly focus on work conditions and low wages causing them to be ill – formed of the econo my as a wholeRead MoreDisadvantages Of Sweatshops1475 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor component includes the use of sweatshops in countries with struggling economies. Businesses take advantage of struggling economies in order to generate the most profit possible. Poor nations have no other choice to accept the unreasonably low offers made by businesses since few alternatives are available. Additionally, weak economies allow sweatshops because they pay workers well in relation to the average income of the nation. However, the use of sweatshops hurts the struggling nations by leavingRead MoreSweatshops Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesSweatshops over the world can be improved through simple and big changes on both the foreign as well as American fronts. Sweatshops have always been viewed as a negative thing but no one has really tried to change or improve upon them, it is more of an out of sight out of mind mentality. In the book Where am I Wearing, the author Kelsey Timmerman said â€Å" †¦ is that we should try to be engaged consumers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Timmerman 9 ). Society knows it is happening so why not find ways to improve these sweatshopsRead MoreEssay on sweatshops594 Words   |  3 Pages Sweatshops nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As companies grow larger and more competitive, they are looking for cheaper ways to produce their wares and increase their profit. That is, after all, how companies are able to succeed, by giving their customers a comparable product for a cheaper price. This increases sales and the overall bottom line. Which seems to be a beneficial plan for both the companies and the consumers. That is, as long as the consumers don’t know how the product is being producedRead More Sweatshops Essay2640 Words   |  11 PagesMany of the factories that the United States buys from are in another countries. In these countries they have horrible working conditions. Working in these places called sweatshops should be banned. Sweatshops are quot;a shop or factory in which employees work long hours at low wages under poor conditionsquot;(quot;sweatshopsquot;). These factories cause problems for their workers later in the workers life. Occasionally these problems lead to death. Many workers do not get to see a doctorRead MoreSweatshops Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesquestionable morality of sweatshops has become a highly contested ethical issue. Some argue that sweatshops offer more opportunities for poor workers, and are thus good. Others view inhumane working conditions and exploitation in these factories as prohibitive of good moral practice. In this paper, I will show that sweatshops cannot be immoral using the theory of prices in competitive markets and workers’ decisions to work in sweatshops. By the end of the paper, I will conclude that sweatshops are moral institutionsRead MoreBenefits of Sweatshops3903 Words   |  16 PagesThe Benefit of Sweatshops Robert Gelber Integrative Seminar 300 Professor Duclos Alegue April 28th, 2011 Abstract: Many countries, industries and people are becoming more affected by sweatshops in different ways because of they’re continuous increase in growth. Sweatshops benefit many developing countries as they provide opportunities of employment to the people living in poverty and benefit the community at large by creating an economic infrastructure that utilizes the country’s resources andRead MoreSweatshops And The United States Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesmanufactured overseas in sweatshops. Since the beginning of factories and businesses, owners have always looked for a way to cut production costs while still managing to produce large quantities of their product. It was found that the best way to cut costs was to utilize cheap labor in factories known as sweatshops. According to the US General Account Office, sweatshops are defined as a â€Å"business that regularly violates both wage or child labor and safety or health laws†. These sweatshops exploit the ir workers

Accountant Responsibility Free Essays

string(337) " by the CPA and therefore the company’s engagement letter with the firm was violated and the CPA’s in question â€Å"breached his duty to his client by failing to exercise the degree of skill and competence that an ordinarily prudent accountant would under the circumstances† making the firm negligent \(Beatty ; Samuelson, 2010, pg\." Accountant Responsibility Introduction Accounting by definition is â€Å"The bookkeeping methods involved in making a financial record of business transactions and in the preparation of statements concerning the assets, liabilities, and operating results of a business† (The American Heritage). An accountant’s responsibility is not something that is equally split or separated by category. It is not something that can be defined easily or without a lot of research and thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Accountant Responsibility or any similar topic only for you Order Now An accountant responsibility is said to be between their clients, third parties, and the government itself, but it is also a personal responsibility.An accountant takes trust into their hands from others, and what is done with that trust is how an accountant makes their name. A choice will always have to be made one way or another but the choice should maintain your reputation as a trust worthy, ethical, and legal accountant. When you think of scandals in the accounting industry, what actions come to mind that causes the scandals in the first place? When accountants lie about statements or try to hide money, add money, or change money, usually for the benefit of themselves and others such as CEO’s, right?Well those are what require regulation from the government and accounting responsibilities to be reevaluated. Over the past few years we have seen the economy go from a feeling of reaching new heights, to the lowest of lows and with that came the accounting scandals and the need to expand government regulation. In response to the changes in the economy the public wanted accounting standards and government regulation to assist in alleviating the way financials were being reported so the money that was being lost wasn’t nearly as detrimental as it looked.The changes in the economy required changes in regulation. The changes in regulation set the need for accountant responsibility to be expanded. This paper is to go into details about the â€Å"three major parties† that accountants have a responsibility to; their clients, third parties, and the government. †¢ Responsibility to clients An accountant’s contract between their clients and themselves is called an engagement letter (Beatty ; Samuelson, 2010, pg. 379). This letter is the legal responsibility an accountant has and can specify exactly what an accountant is supposed to do for a company or client.A client needs to prove two things in order for their accountant to be liable for negligence; the accountant breached his duty to his client by failing to exercise the degree of skill and competence that an ordinarily prudent accountant would under the circumstances and the accountant’s violation of duty caused harm to the client (Beatty ; Samuelson, 2010, pg. 379). With these statements covering the legal aspect of the accountant’s responsibility to their clients the next portion will stick to the ethical concerns one of which can also be considered a legal concern, fraud.An accountant has a choice to make when they come to work each day. They can choose to tell the truth and have a successful career ahead of them, or they can choose to lie, cheat, or steal and be found guilty. An accountant is liable for fraud if (1) he/she makes a false statement of fact; (2) he/she either knows it is not true or recklessly disregards the truth; and (3) the client justifiably relies on the statement (Beatty ; Samuelson, 2010, pg. 380). †¢ Responsibility to third parties Accountants who fail to exercise due care are liable to (1) anyone they knew would rely on the information; and (2) anyone else in the same class† (Beatty ; Samuelson, 2010, pg. 381). This makes the third party in question mean just about anyone besides the government or the clients.The biggest responsibility through a third party in general will be to the public. Professional accountants owe their primary loyalty to the public interest, not just to their own financial interests, company directors or management, or current shareholders at the expense of future shareholders (Brooks ; Dunn, 2010, pg. 1). First and foremost we are to ensure that all activity is ethical in consideration to the public interest. If an action on a financial statement is beneficial to the company, the accountant, the current shareholders, the owner, and yet in some way still harms the public in the long run because of the way it is being reported, then it is ethically wrong to post it in that manner. Even if the current owners or shareholders push to see it reported in that way, to ensure you keep your reputation as an ethical accountant now and in the future, it is to be reported as intended to show the truth.There will be times when it seems more beneficial, monetarily, to yourself to take advantage of grey areas and loop holes that are given. Reread the last sente nce and understand when the word â€Å"seems† is there, in reality, the benefits do not exist in the long run. †¢ Responsibility to the government An accountant’s responsibility to the government starts and ends with following the laws given and the regulation specified by the government. The regulation laws that deal with accountant responsibility are many but the main ones are the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) and the Securities Act of 1933 ; 1934.Criminal acts made by accountants that are punishable by law and could result in a fine or even going to jail include but are not limited to willful violations, wrongdoing in the preparation of tax returns, and even violations of the security laws (Beatty ; Samuelson, 2010, pg. 383). Action/Claim against Accountants or Accounting Firms †¢ Responsibility to clients Angelo P. Danna, CPA and Mark P. Dentinger, CPA gives an example of accountants not holding up the responsibilities to their clients. Both of these accountants were a part of an audit for ILC Technology and the opinion of the audit was not that of a qualified auditor (Sec. ov). To give a client an audit knowing it was not a qualified auditor however it did not give an unqualified opinion. The issue here is that the company was given the wrong information by the CPA and therefore the company’s engagement letter with the firm was violated and the CPA’s in question â€Å"breached his duty to his client by failing to exercise the degree of skill and competence that an ordinarily prudent accountant would under the circumstances† making the firm negligent (Beatty ; Samuelson, 2010, pg. You read "Accountant Responsibility" in category "Papers" 379). †¢ Responsibility to third partiesThe largest case to date that has to do with third parties and an accounting firms responsibility to that third part was the one whom the rule was written after. â€Å"In Ultramares, Touche, Niven ; Co. had conducted an audit of Fred Stern ; Co. Stern, seeking a loan, later provided a copy of the audit report to a potential creditor. The creditor provided the loan and when Stern failed, the creditor sued Touche to recover its loss. In its opinion, the court declined to hold the accounting firm liable to an unknown third party who relied on the audit report. In his famous statement, Judge Benjamin N.Cardozo distinguished accountants from others and set forth the consequence of extending liability to parties whose reliance upon a statement could not be foreseen† (Moore, 1995). †¢ Responsibility to the government The specific example of an accountants responsibility to the government was breeched can be found in the Adelphia scandal. â€Å"The Commission brought civil and administrative proceedings against Deloitte for violating GAAS in connection with its audit of Adelphia’s 2000 Financial Statements† (SEC. gov). Imagine any normal family trying to start a family business. That is what began Adelphia in this case.Adelphia was ran by the Rigas family; John, Timothy, Michael, and James. Adelphia had a seven member board and the family itself held four of those seats, automatically given them a right of power in a corporation that some may have considered â€Å"fishy† before the scandal ever started happening (Brooks ; Dunn, 2010, pg. 297). Accounting-client Privilege Expansion †¢ Should it be expanded? Why or why not? A part of accounting-client privilege that is the most controversial is confidentiality. Confidentiality proves that what is legal is not necessarily ethical and what is illegal is not necessarily unethical.Rule 301 of the Code of Professional Conduct of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA), which states that a member in public practice is not allowed to disclose any confidential client information without the consent of the client (Werner, 2009). On the other hand take this information from an article published in the March 1953 Journal of Accountancy: It seems clear that voluntary disclosure of confidential information by a CPA might be justified ethically only if it were necessary to prevent a crime not yet committed.There seems no legal or ethical requirement of voluntary disclosure of past acts, even though fraudulent, so long as there is no affirmative act of concealm ent on the part of the CPA such as suppression of the evidence, harboring of the criminal, or other positive act designed to conceal from the authorities the fact that the act has been committed, and so long as the CPA has not relieved, comforted, or assisted the offender to hinder or prevent his punishment (Editorial, â€Å"Confidential Relationship Between CPA and Client,† p. 95). This also ties back in with professional accountants owing their primary loyalty to the public interest and to adhere with the public’s interest breaking confidentiality may be necessary. †¢ Whistle-blowing responsibility if it were expanded Imagine the accounting-client privilege being expanded to the same point as attorney-client privilege. Meaning that no matter what was said or what was known by the attorney because the client confided the truth with them, it could not be repeated.It is more than obvious that whistle-blowing would be non-existent at that point. However, there are in betweens when it comes to accounting client privilege currently, and one that goes just as far as attorney-client privilege. Auditors who suspect that a client has committed an illegal act must notify the client’s board of directors (Beatty ; Samuelson, 2010, pg. 383). After that point in time if nothing happens an official report has to be submitted and then the SEC has to get involved in order to ensure the problem is taken care of. It is an accountant’s responsibility to give correct information to a company’s share-holders and the public and if the accounts first responsibility was to its clients, well you can imagine the consequences. Regulation would seem nonexistent at that point because there would be no need for an accountant to report any wrong doings and in turn wrong doings could basically be gotten away with. Conclusion First and foremost, it is my belief that an accountant does owe their first responsibility to the public. The public looks to accountants to find the truth in a land full of confusing financial statements.The only way for the public to know what is really going on with a company’s books is through the interpretation that is giving by an accountant. Moral standards and decent behavior in those who practice bookkeeping methods are essential when preparing statements concerning the assets, liabilities, and operating results of a business (Vaux, 2010 ; The American Her itage). Even if the current owners or shareholders push to see it reported in that way, to ensure you keep your reputation as an accountant now and in the future, it s to be reported as intended to show the truth. There will be times when it seems more beneficial, monetarily, to yourself to take advantage of grey areas and loop holes that are given when you are an accountant. Reread the last sentence and understand when the word â€Å"seems† is there, in reality, the benefits do not exist in the long run and it is also the reason for needing regulation and accounting standards. An accountant is entrusted as someone who can complete financial statements in an honest and accurate way.They have to be able to tell it how it is whether it is to the CEO, the shareholders, or the public who is looking at the financial statements as possible indicators of investment opportunities. How to cite Accountant Responsibility, Papers

Black Death Essay Research Paper There have free essay sample

Black Death Essay, Research Paper There have been many diseases reported historically such as little syphilis, rubeolas and enteric fevers but none were every bit awful as Black decease. In order to understand the desolation of this disease we must the effects it had on the political, economical and societal constructions of mediaeval Europe. The Black Death foremost appeared in Europe in 1347 when a boat filled with dead and deceasing people docked at Messina seaport, north E of Sicily. This boat semen from the Orient and within yearss of its reaching this decease ship had spread its plague throughout Messina. Although it is dubious that Black Death and other epidemics were by themselves responsible for the ruin of European society they were houever, the largest contibuting factor. During the in-between ages peiple lived under the feudal system, thid was a system in which the male monarch owned all the land and parceled out big estates to the Lords. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Death Essay Research Paper There have or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These Godheads woukd in bend grant packages of land to provincials who woukd live on and work the land. These provincials woukd wage tyhe lords a big part of whatever theyt earned, either in nutrient supplies or money. The Godheads lives really good at the expence of the poorness afflicted helot. Then the pestilence struck and no 1 was immune to this disease. The aristocracy perished at the same rate as the provincials. What aristocracy that did non decease fled to other countries unaffected by the pestilence. The huge depopulation of the baronial category left manors and responsibilities abondoned and capable to infiltration by the peasant category. This new state of affairs did non sit good wiht baronial category that remained and belligerencies between the aristocracy and the provincials were severe. The derelict Government offices became filled wiht dishonest work forces many of who had selfish motivations. These now functionaries had intntions of feathering thier ain nests inst ead than in reconstructing the hierarchal governement. The coming and reoccurence of Black Death besides allowed for a new and powerful govbenmental organic structure known as the Bourgeois. They consisted of the merchabnt and working category of the towns. While the pestilence had virtually wiped out the old authorities, the Bourgeois was instrumental in establising a harmonious, mutualist and orderly governmental organic structure. The clergy played a big function in European society. Being good educated and literate they had the function of supplying godly grace and bureaucratic services to both the aristocracy and the provincials. Most Europeans accepted the word of the church without inquiry. When the pestilence struck it became evident that the Catholic priests could supply no account for the ground God permitted such desolation. The priests were unable to reconstruct the people # 8217 ; s belief in faith because of their actions during the pestilence. What preists that did non fly to wealthier parishes or unaffected countries began to bear down hyperbolic monetary values for their burial services and approvals. Peoples began to oppugn the church and continued to make so even after the pestilence had run its class. This caused a rift in the Catholic chuch that resulted in the separation of the chuch into different religious orders and in the 16th century the Protestant churches ere established. The economical alterations in Europe were profound. Prior to the plague European economic sciences was such tat it was caplble of back uping a wast population. The proficient and agricultural inventions floursihed in Medieval Europe. An addition in cultivable land, new corps and power souces such as windmills provided Europe wiht an addition in nutrient supplies and emplyment chances. The import and export of agricultural goods flourished. This along with the terminal of the Hundred Years War between England and France resulted in a population growing. The Godheads were basking enormous wealth at the expence workers. The depopulation cased by Black Death resulted in nutrient and labour deficits but most imprtantly it meant the terminal of serdom. Godheads were so forced to handle their workers better and increase their rewards. The Godhead took the opportunity of losing his workers to better employment chances eleswhere if he did non increase rewards or supply better life conditions. Some landlords attempted to coerce their workers to stay on the land. This merely led to peasant rebellions. THese revots were self-generated ald ill organized rendering them uneffective and easy dissolved by the military. These rebellions forced some landlords to go forth thir manors and go absentee landlords. The loss of workers, diminutions in agribusiness merchandises and increae in provincial rewards meant the terminal of grain farming Europe # 8217 ; s chief trade good. lLandlords were forced to diversify into carnal farming and specialised harvests were grown for provender. There was a greater demand for meat and by-products such as wool and fells which contributed to Europe # 8217 ; s new and pricnciple fabric industry. Black Death was besides the cause of Europe # 8217 ; s alteration in currency. The loss of population hastened Europe # 8217 ; s passage from the swap system to a system of money payment. Black Death did hold a positive consequence on European economic sciences. There was a lasting addition in rewards paid to the labourers. For the first clip in European history members of the on the job category could afford to have on fur coats, until so merely the aristocracy had the financess for suc H extravagancy. Although Black Death deeply affected the political and economical stableness of medival Europe the consequence it had on the societal facet of society was possibly the strongest. Prior to the pestilence the people of Europe were profoundly religious. It was uncommon to happen any households that did non go to church services for religious counsel. Peoples believed and accepted the word of the church until Black Death shattered that religion. There was a dislocation in spiritual authorization throughout Europe. Because of the pestilence people had leave to so as they pleased. They abandoned the restrictive life style dictated by the church and adopted an # 8221 ; eat imbibe and be merry for tomorrow you may decease # 8221 ; attitude. They believed that imbibing greely was a redress for the pestilence. They drank with entire diregard for the societal norms of mediaeval Europe. There was no longer any differentiation between the Godheads of the manor and the alien who wandered in to imbibe. Peoples woukd do things that they one time considered wholly immoral and they would abandon their ill and deceasing. There was besides a dislocation in the chuch # 8217 ; s traditional proactices. These patterns disappeared and were replaced by manic and superstitious froms of faith. There was the resurgence of the Ancient Brotherhood of the Flagellants. This was basically a layperson # 8217 ; s cult of penitence and members woukd march across Europe floging themselves as they walked and prayed. Although this cult was neer countenaced by the Catholic Church, many embraced this spiritual pattern. Their Marches doubtless assisted in the spreading of the pestilence. Faced wiht forces beyond their control people searched for an account for theis lay waste toing disease, irresponsible Catholic priests provided these explinations, impeaching the Jewish community of poisoning the well H2O. The Jews were non good liked to get down eith as thy were money loaners and were frequently owned big amounts of money by the Catholic population. This, coupled with the priest # 8217 ; s accusatinos resulted wiht full Judaic communities being wiped out. Some towns didn # 8217 ; t even bother with a formal test. They merely rounded up all the Jews in the community and burned them at the interest. Black Death caused great hurting and agony for the European population but it did non kill the hman spirit.OPerhaps it was the longing for felicity or a greater freedom but the pestilence did non go forth the continent in desperation. Alternatively it left a desire for a chanbge for the better. The metempsychosis of hope that followed the pestilence is known as the Renaissance. In the old ages following the pestilence there was a great waking up in merely about every field of enterprise. Although great plants of art were still inspired by faith, artists became less concerned with the herafter and concentreated more on immediate human affairs. Death became a common subject in art. The period of hope and optimism that resulted from the pestilence extended into the 16th century and became an epoch of emerghing states and of geographic expedition and find. It led to the industural revolution and the revolution in scientific discipline. Another unexpected result of Black Death was the resurgence of the English linguistic communication. Since 1066 the linguistic communication written and spoken by the opinion category had been French. The pestilence killed so many of the Gallic instructors they had to be replacep by Englishman who taught their ain linguistic communication in the schools. The pestilence besides delayed the colonisation of America by several hundred old ages. Although Black Death wiped out one tierce of the European popluation, it did non hit every metropolis at one time instead it took on a moving ridge like form, going from one major metropolis to the following. The plague known as Blck Death did non come from the people but instead from the flea infested rat. From this flea come diseases known as the Bubonic, Pneumonic and Septicaemic pestilence. The symptons of the Bubonic pestilence were easy recongnizable by the blck colored Pus at the point of the flea bite, followed by enlargemnet of the lymph nodes in axillas, inguen and cervix. Following hemorrhaging occurred doing purplish splodges called buboes, therefore the mane bubonic. These bleedings produced cell mortification and poisoning of the nervous system, taking to neurological and psychological upset. Although this strain was the least toxic it was still extremely deadly, killy fifity to sixty per centum of its victims. Pneumonic pestilence was trandmitted straight from individu al to individual through the discharge of bloody sputm either by coughing or sneezing. This strain was less frequent but far more lifelessly, killing 90 five ot one hundred of the instances. The septicaemeic pestilence was air borne, and although really rare it was wven deadlier than the remainder, decease occurred one heundred per centum of the clip and within one twenty-four hours. The psychological effects of theis disease were felt for genrations. Black Death was a major factor in the in-between ages stuctural prostration, with this disease came the prostration of Europe # 8217 ; s plitical construction. Economic prosperity in Europe was non-existant and the societal strucres were in mayhem. Anarchy reigned in the three hundred old ages of Black Death # 8217 ; s regulation. Although Eurpe did finally retrieve organize the disabling effects of Black Death it was neer to be the same once more.

How does Shakespeare use the soliloquies in Hamlet to explore the moods of the main protagonist Essay Example

How does Shakespeare use the soliloquies in Hamlet to explore the moods of the main protagonist Essay Within Hamlet there are many different mood changes of the main character these are shown clearly through the soliloquies.A soliloquy is a long speech spoken by one character; it shows the characters true inner feelings and usually shows what they are really like. Soliloquies are very useful in Hamlet as it is a short summary of the plot so far and shows what Hamlet is really thinking at a particular point in the play. Without using soliloquies the play would become confusing as the audience will not know what main character is really thinking as it helps us to understand Hamlets actions or inactions.I will hope to show how soliloquies are used in the Hamlet to show the different mood changes of the main protagonist (Hamlet). I will then examine why Hamlet is feeling like this and what effect is has on the audience.The first soliloquy is in Act 1 scene 2 (page 95) before the soliloquy we find out that Hamlets father has recently passed away, not long after Hamlets mother marries Clau dius. Within the soliloquy Hamlet shows many feelings, these are: anger, disgust, suicidal and disappointment.Hamlet begins talking about suicide O that this too too solid flesh would melt he is talking about how he wants to melt away like a candle; this shows us how upset he is as he is considering suicide. However Hamlet does not go through with this because he says his cannon against self-slaughter. O God, God this shows us that he may be religious because he now stops thinking about it, it also shows us that he may be confused because he changes moods many times. This will show the audience that Hamlet is very unstable at this point in time because he does not know what he wants. Within this Shakespeare uses a metaphor to describe his father; this creates a tense mood as well as giving us a clear idea of what he feels towards his father.Later on within this soliloquy Hamlet begins to talk about his father so excellent a king, that was to this Hyperion to a satyr, so loving to my mother this shows us that Hamlet thinks highly of his father and it also reveals that his father loved his mother a great deal. He also says that Claudius is half man half goat; this shows the audience how much Hamlet hates Claudius as he is describing him as being not human. This will interest the audience as he hates Claudius a lot and because he is going through many different emotions such as anger and disgust he may do something that he will regret. This makes the audience feel disgust towards Claudius as the audience would have fallen for Hamlet and at the moment it seems as he is to blame for the range of emotions that Hamlet is showing.Hamlet is disgusted with his mother and questions her love for his father. He says A little month, or ere those shoes were old with which she followed my poor fathers body like Niobe, all tears, why she, even she this shows us that although Hamlets mother was dressed for the occasion but it makes us think as to whether she was actually feelin g upset as she has moved on so quickly. He says that she did not mourn for his father and even a beast that wants discourse of reason would have mourned longer this shows the audience that he is not happy with his mother because she has moved on so quickly married with my uncle, my fathers brother, but no more like my father than I to Hercules this creates tension within the play because we do not know what Hamlet will do because of the range of emotions that he is going through within this soliloquy.At the end of the soliloquy Hamlet says but break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue this shows us that Hamlet has decided that he is not going to say anything. This will keep the audience interested because we know that Hamlet is disgusted and does not approve with the actions of Gertrude and Claudius, however he feels as if he should not express his feelings as it is not his place to say anything and this will make the audience think how long his silence will last.Evidently there ar e many different moods shown in the first soliloquy. This soliloquy is very effective as it shows us clearly what Hamlet is thinking. The audience will be very interested up to this point as they will be unsure of what Hamlet really wants because he is changing moods so quickly.The next soliloquy within Hamlet occurs in Act 2 Scene 2 before the soliloquy occurs Hamlet meets with the ghost of his father and the he tells him that Claudius had killed him by poisoning him by the ear, he then tells him to take revenge. Hamlet wishes to take revenge by creating a play which will be shown to Claudius and Gertrude, the play will represent what has happened to him. Hamlet intends to scare Claudius.In this soliloquy Hamlet says O what a rogue and peasant slave I am! in this Hamlet is showing that he is annoyed but it may also show that he may be scared. Hamlet may be annoyed because he feels as he is being treated like a slave because he has to do everything his dad has told him to do in orde r to take revenge on Claudius; however, he may also be scared to do this because he may feel as he cannot kill someone. This shows us that Hamlet is quite unstable at the moment because at the moment he is feeling anger towards Claudius but deep down Hamlet is not capable of taking out these actions. This keeps the audience interested as they would want to see as to whether he is going to listen to the ghost or himself.During the practising of the play that hamlet is organising to role play the situation that he is in, Hamlet begins to question the acting skills of one of the actors tears in his eyes, distraction ins aspect, a broken voice, and his whole function suiting with forms to his own conceit? And all for nothing this shows us that hamlet says how can a man who has not been through a situation like this cry as if he has. He then begins to ask himself what the actor would do if this was really happening to him because surely he would be a lot worse if he was in this situation .That he would weep for her? What would he do When acting this on stage the actor will be alone, he should speak passionate as well as confused, showing the audience that he does not understand how someone can act as if they have been through this situation when they do not know how it feels.Later on in the soliloquy, Hamlets mood changes dramatically, he is now beginning to hate himself yet I, a dull muddy-mettled rascal this shows us that Hamlet is beginning to show self disgust, this will keep the audience interested because again it shows us that he is insecure and that he may do something which is irrational. It may also make the audience think as to whether he is now going to tell his mother what he really thinks about her and Claudius.Hamlet then begins to show anger when he says bloody, bawdy, villain! Remorseless, treacherous, lecherous, kindless villain! again hamlet changes his mood very dramatically, this is creating tension because what he says now is quite strong and p owerful, this leads the audience to think that he is going to do something to Claudius soon because he hates him a lot. Within this Shakespeare has used many techniques which make this soliloquy a lot more effective. The first technique that Shakespeare uses is alliteration bloody, bawdy this makes it a lot more powerful as these words when said seem quite aggressive. The second technique that is used is repetition (Hamlet says villain twice) when someone is angry they usually repeat what they say, again this technique shows us how angry Hamlet really is. The last technique that is used is rhyme, by using rhyme these words come of the tongue very easily but again seems very aggressive. All the anger ends by Hamlet saying Oh, vengeance! this is effective because it immediately finishes of this aggressive speech that would have got the audience interested and eager to see what he is going to do, this is like a sigh of relief as he does not want to talk about his feelings towards Claud ius anymore because he is scared of what he may do. By Shakespeare doing this it shows us to the extent of how angry Hamlet actually is towards Claudius. kHamlets mood changes again, he now feels as if the ghost is a devil telling lies to make him kill Claudius prompted to my revenge by heaven and hellThis will show the audience that Hamlet does not know what to think because once he seems sure of something he changes his feelings and questions something else. This may suggest that he is mad or that because of everything that is happening to him he is unsure of what to think resulting in him continuously changing his moods.Although Hamlet is questioning whether the ghost is real, he again considers the fact of what Claudius would feel like if the play goes successfully. He says the plays the thing wherein Ill catch the conscience of the king this is a sudden change in emotion, this makes us wonder if Hamlet is thinking about what he is saying, this makes us question how sane Hamlet actually is because he himself does not know what to believe. The rhyming couplet used makes the line catchy and will keep the audience remembering this line throughout the play, making them think what will really happen. This line also suggests that with this play he hopes to get Claudius feeling guilty. By doing this it means that Hamlet does not have to kill Claudius himself as if he gets the king feeling mad he may do it himself.The emotions shown within this soliloquy vary slightly to the ones shown within the first soliloquy. For example within the first soliloquy he feels suicidal, although he shows self disgust there is no mention of him talking about suicide. This may suggest that Hamlet may no longer wish to commit suicide. Hamlet seems to be a lot more confused within the second than in the first, for example in the first soliloquy Hamlet focuses on grieving more however in the second soliloquy he is considering things a lot more such as if the ghost is telling the truth. The signs of anger also seem to be a lot stronger within the second soliloquy; this shows us that as the story progresses Hamlet begins to become more and more angry, this makes us think how far he would go later as the play develops, this creates tension as we do not know what he is going to do. Up to this point soliloquies have played a major part in Hamlet as if they werent within the play we would not know what he is really thinking and would not know what his character is really like.The last soliloquy again shows a range of emotions and mood changes. These are a mixture from the first and second soliloquy but we also see some emotions which have not yet been shown by Hamlet.To be, or not to be, that is the question Hamlet is again considering suicide, he is unsure of what to do next. This creates a tense atmosphere within the audience as Hamlet had considered suicide before but he came back on his word, however he is talking about it again and now he may mean it because he is reconsidering it. If this was to be acted out on stage Hamlet will be weeping and showing signs of distress, this will help the audience to empathise with him. Hamlet again questions life the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing end them he questions whether he should cope with lifes struggles such as deaths of people close to him or if he should just give up. This creates a very tense atmosphere as it is very different to soliloquy one because in soliloquy one he changes his mind and says how he does not want to commit suicide anymore but up till now he has not yet changed his mind meaning that he may actually be considering it. This creates a lot of tension because the main protagonist within Hamlet may commit suicide.Hamlet carries on considering death to die, to sleep- no more; and by sleep to say we end the heart ache and the thousand natural shocks this shows us that he is sort of looking forward to this because i t could take away all of his pains.Throughout this soliloquy Hamlet carries on considering suicide as he starts thinking that this is the last resort as he cannot take any of the pains that life brings with it. The audience will be very worried for him as he has not stopped thinking about it. It will also make the audience think what is going to happen next because if the main protagonist dies it leaves us thinking how the play Hamlet will end.In conclusion Hamlet has shown many emotions throughout the play. These emotions have sometimes repeated in some of the soliloquies. In soliloquy one Hamlet showed signs of disgust, this was not shown again in any of the soliloquies however suicide was shown again in soliloquy three, the suicidal emotion was a lot stronger in soliloquy three as he did not change his mind. Soliloquy two did not show signs of suicide however the emotions changed very quickly within it. This created a lot of tension for the audience as we could empathise with how strong Hamlets feelings were. Confusion was shown in both soliloquy one and soliloquy two, however it was shown more in soliloquy two because Hamlet was considering a lot more things.I think that soliloquy two was the most effective soliloquy of the three because it gave a clear idea to the audience of what he is feeling and how strong these feelings were, it was also a lot more interesting because the range of moods shown. The second most soliloquy in my opinion was the first one because again we learn a lot more. Lastly comes the third soliloquy, the reason why I think that it comes last is because it focuses on only one type of emotion but the others focus on a lot more. Also the other two soliloquies made the story a lot clearer as he related to things which have happened in the play.Soliloquies overall have been very effective within Hamlet as it has made the protagonists feelings a lot clearer for the audience and has helped me understand a lot more of the plot.

An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essays

An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essays An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essay An Introduction to Mark Rothko Essay Encounters with Mark Rothkos Light red over black (1957) Mark Rothko, Light red over black 1957. In this essay I will explore Light red over black (1957) by Mark Rothko. Although apparently simple, infact shows a wonderfully complex process of thought and throughout this essay I will interpret and get a better understanding of Rothkos intention and meaning. Filled with shades of red, the upper part of the painting comes to create a strong opposition with the black area below it, itself encircled by a darker red. This painting consisting of three floating rectangles in various colour combinations, creates a sombre mood conducive to spiritual contemplation. With the use of Rothkos saturated colours the viewers are moved and as ones eye adjust to the light that the painting emits. The colour field, I feel, embraces the mind, and the palettes warm variety of tones mesmerises. Further analysing this painting, the two darker oblongs appear like two openings in the centre of the painting, creating a sense of freedom. Conveyed in this painting is a sense that the oblongs are two openings in the centre of the picture, as the two darker rectangles are much more prominent in relation to the red tones. When first encountering this piece I questionned perhaps whether these oblongs were openings or whether in fact they were floating on the surface. In many respects it reminded me of of a stained-glass windows, except that there is no pattern or decoration. However, through its title, Light red over black it seemed that perhaps Mark Rothko wanted the red to be more of a protrusive focus. However, with such contrasting colours it is definitely the black and dark blue that strick as the main aspect of this painting for me. On a chronological outlook, the shades from the upper half, the lighter red, move slowly downwards to a much darker colour. This could possibly be perceived as a means of human life, which has been said that Rothko tried to aim for TESHUVA, 2003:45 , the lighter red being an earlier life time ending with the black as the end of it evoking an endless enthrall. It is, in my belief, the energy that comes off this painting is a result of Rothkos spontaneity nd improvising. Like many of Rothkos work, Light red over Black made in 1957 was created on canvas using the material, oils. Rothkos techniques added further importance to the attraction of this piece. Rothko applied paint very thinly with sponges and cloths to avoid leaving any visible brushstrokes. (Auping, Karnes, Thistlewaite, 2002:286) Despite Rothko having the result of a controlled perspective, the edges of the rectangles are indistinct. The edges of the shapes are soft and blurred , and contributes to their ambiguity. It seems that rothko wanted us to think only about colours and the moods they create, not about himself. This concept demonstrates what Rothko aimed at, the aspect of colour-field painting. Light red over black takes the format of a pulsating rectangle with a vertical format, and is large in scale taking the dimensions of 2306 x 1527 x 38 mm. Rothko explained that the shapes in which he painted have no direct association with any particular visible experience, but in them one recognises the principles and passions or organisms. studio-international. co. uk/archive2/causey_1972_183_943a. sp Furthermore, the development of Rothkos work from surrealism to abstract interested me, interlinked with his change in the use of his colours over his artistic lifetime . After 1957, in which this painting was created, Rothkos choice of colours tended to adopt a darker palette using more darker browns and blacks, which can be emphasised in the contrasting colour of red and black in this painting. (Comparision between earlier works to his latter works) When first encountered with this painting, I believed that Rothkos work had moved away from more representational objects and moved more into the form of colour of abstract art. Although Rothkos use of colours, varying in only 2 shades of red, blue and black, they juxtapose together creating a deeper meaning to his paintings and questions the viewer to create their own theories on how to interpret the mood. Jacob Baal-Teshova wrote Rothko always resisted attempts to interpret his paintings. He was mainly concerned with the viewers experience TESHUVA, 2003: 7 , and in contrast to this, the independant wrote, Its too focused on the hit it will give its audience. It simply doesnt have enough world in it to be worthwhile art, enough complication, contingency, resistance, negotiation, argument – and abstract art can have these things as much as any other. THE INDEPENDANT: 2008 I first encountered Rothkos work at the Tate Modern gallery in London in 2008. When first examining his works, including other famous paintings such as Mural for End Wall it struck me as a simplistic style, yet with its luminous rectangles and saturated colour, a sense of mystery was conveyed in a modern era. Moreover, on cream idilic walls, Light red over black automatically illuminated from the walls in deep dark red, blues and blacks which led me to interpret his work as profoundly imbued with an emotional content that he articulated through a range of styles that had evolved from figurative to abstract. Furthermore, when examining this painting up close, the application of what seemed to be very thing layers of paint over each other, allowed the colours to radiate through, creating a sense of drama and light, despite the colours being much darker than others Id seen in the gallery. Suggested towards the latter part of his life, and through his means of depression, I first interpreted his work as a form of expression, which emplyed shimmering colour to convey a sense of spirtuality. However, after research it is perhaps more profound to say that this painting has a sense of depression with connotations of the red and black insinuating death, a mood of sadness, something Rothko was suffering from. HARRISON, 2003:230 The emphasis of his paintings are highlighted of course not only in colours but in its size. When visiting the Tate modern, it was the pure size of these images that drew me in,with a seperate room in which to display Rothkos work. Rothko I believe, intended his paintings to be seen up close so that the viewer could appreciate and be enveloped by the paintings colour aura. The function of such a large painting was perhaps precisely because he wanted to be very intimate and relate it to human life itself and to his audience. The feeling of such an overwhelming large piece of art not only inspired but led ways to interpret why this size had been used. If for example, Rothko had created these pieces on a smaller scale the simplistic outlook on them, I feel would have been lost. What struck me most about Light red over black was the difference in his early works. Rothko was known for his use of expressionist landscapes, genre scenes, and still lifes. However, it was soon emphasised that artists could not longer merely copy photos or images to due the ever expanding artistic changes. Redundant, Rothko, and many other artists discussed conceptual changes and with this promoted the idea of using colour as a means to establish a relationship between the artist and the viewers. This influence, occuring early in the 1950s, led artists like Rothko to begin painting an entire canvas one colour. Moreover, the influence of World War II led many European artists to emigrate to the United States, including those associated with the surrealist movement. Sharma, 2006:35 They were a major influence on Rothko who began to attempt to apply theories on the collective unconscious to his work, and he started to orient his art toward a more abstract style and bring his colours to darker tones. In my opinion it was the events occuring in World War II that evidently influenced abstract art and artists to experiment with exploring the connection between forms and colours. While the population visually saw colours simply on a canvas it was Rothkos eternal interest in the human figure, character and emotions which led him to express himself indivually. Rothko believed, â€Å"The most interesting painting is one that expresses more of what one thinks than of what one sees. (Breslin, 1993:261)

Deontological Ethical Theory Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deontological Ethical Theory - Essay Example The deontological ethical theory has its own weakness. For example, t makes room for using logical reasoning in determining what is right (Hoy, 2005). Once this is done, interpretation of the rules becomes a very difficult thing to do since everyone has their own discretion within which the rules are explained. In such a situation, it becomes very difficult to have a single modality under which ethics are applied.Consequentiality is another ethical view point that can be applied in the use of technology. In the premise of this ethical theory, there is the need to strive to increase utility. The strength with this is that the greater good of most people is sought instead of the subjective needs of a few people. This way, ethics are enforced because workers are made to look for the interest of other external stakeholders.What this theory lacks however is the fact that it fails to set the parameter as to who should be responsible for evaluating the consequences that affected people suff er. As a result, even though there is quest to satisfy people’s needs and values, the willpower to do this can be missing. Within the modern technological society, deontology can be said to hold more easily than consequentiality. This is because companies seem less concerned about the consequences of their actions on the public. Rather, they only focus on their profits. It is not surprising that global warming continues to be alarming as the number of technological companies continues to increase.

BIOGRAPHY ON MY HUSBAND Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BIOGRAPHY ON MY HUSBAND - Essay Example However, his first marriage, despite all of his determination to make it work did crumble but this was not due to any fault of his own. He soon found that the marriage had been built on lies with his wife having lied about her age when they married and still being a very young and naà ¯ve girl, she left Fernando holding the dilemma of how to continue to care for the family. They had one child together which his wife left in his care since she seemingly wanted no part in motherhood. This left him with trying to figure out a way to continue to work while at the same time being a good father to the child caught in the middle of the separation and divorce. During this time Fernando was attempting to be a full-time dad and also working full-time with his landscaping company. Times were extremely hard for him as he did not have sufficient resources to depend on nor did he have any family that was near him who could have helped in taking care of his daughter while he worked during that tim e. Somehow this man did manage to make it through this period of time on his own, never once turning away from the responsibilities he had as a father to his daughter. He also did not try and prosecute his first wife for abandonment of their child so he only had his own self to rely on in order to guarantee the necessary sustenance to keep his family running smoothly. He did seek out daycare services for his daughter so that he could continue to work and this bill alone was quite substantial every month. However, his neighbors often helped him out with watching his daughter but he was very careful in this area because he did not want to come to depend on anyone or be considered a burden either so he assumed much of the work on his own. During this period of time Fernando did not seek out other relationships like a percentage of men would do. He dedicated himself to being a father and continued to work because he knew that in

Scholarships For Continuing Education Of Nurses Article

Scholarships For Continuing Education Of Nurses - Article Example To address the current nursing shortage entails considerable efforts that are directed towards the recruitment and retention of nurses along with the capabilities of nursing schools. A number of strategies have often been suggested, such as the supply of sufficient educational facilities, faculty members and funding as well as the increase of financial aid for students and nurses by means of scholarships and other forms of programs and grants (Griscti and Jacono, 2005). Such financial support has especially been found to be inadequate in helping nurses who aim to pursue continuing education. The significance of continuing education has increasingly been debated over the years, particularly in the nursing literature. It has become highly important for stakeholders and policymakers alike in the healthcare industry and has been reflected in different decrees, including the Nurse, Midwives, and Health Visitors Act of 1979 as well as recommendations presented by organizations around the w orld, such as the Canadian Nurses Association Policy Statement in Canada and the National Staff Committee for Nurses and Midwives in the United Kingdom (Griscti and Jacono, 2005). However, despite the relevance of continuing education to nurses along with the participation of different stakeholders, there has still been a considerable lack of financial aid for those who aim to pursue such form of education. ... continuing education to nurses along with the participation of different stakeholders, there has still been a considerable lack of financial aid for those who aim to pursue such form of education. The following sections will then look into nursing education and the funding associated with it, the importance of continuing education as well as the financial support made available to nurses who seek continuing education, particularly the availability of scholarship grants. Education in Nursing There has been a continual debate in the United States concerning the AD and BS education as the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN, 2002) associated the past years with professional tension with regards to chosen routes towards nursing practice. Educators have supported different rewards and practices over the years. Nonetheless, these various levels of skills and competencies have not been equally recognized in the work settings, neither through role differentiation nor compensati on. Such occurrences have served as a deterrent for nurses to further raise their level of education and pursue continuing education. In addition, it has been found out that, although some hospitals based their salaries on the nurses’ educational level with which the actual financial increment was small, many other employers strongly relied on available new workers who have received their education in the US or abroad (Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), 2003). Majority of lawmakers in the country have provided funds for student loan forgiveness as well as loan repayment; these have been used as strategies for attracting new nursing graduates to settle in their state of graduation. Again, such efforts place more emphasis on entry-level registered nurses.

Organizational Structure of Cadbury | Cadbury Business Analysis

Organizational Structure of Cadbury | Cadbury Business Analysis In 1866 when the brothers introduced the process of pressing the cocoa butter out of the cocoa beans. The benefits for the Cadbury brothers was that they could use the butter to make different types of eating chocolate the first of which was the Cadburys dairy milk. A description of Cadburys and their aims and objectives Cadbury is an international company that makes market and sells unique brands chocolate. Cadbury have done this successfully for over 200 years. The reason they are so successful is because they have a clear understanding of the needs of their consumers, customers and other stakeholders. Dunedin is a major centre for Cadbury Schweppes in the region, with the site playing host to Cadbury World and being a major production and distribution centre. (Coursework, 2003) Internal Environment: Financial analysis- Cadbury has invested NZ$69 million to turn Dunedin into a specialist factory and secure manufacturing and jobs in New Zealand. Cadbury Confectionery today confirmed that the restructuring of its New Zealand and Australian manufacturing operations into specialized Centers of Manufacturing Excellence is in its final stage. The project, originally announced back in September 2007 (with a further communication in August 2008) has already seen investment of $NZ69 million to improve the productivity, and secure the long-term future, of its New Zealand manufacturing operations. (Cadbury.co.nz, 2012) Internal organization and structure- Cadbury organization is based on a democratic. Management style decisions are made as a result of a consultation process involving various members of the organization (Cadbury). Cadbury Schweppes also have two different structures. The structure that they use for their board of directors has been re-designed to clarify accountability and enable swifter diction-making. (Quote taken from www.cadburyschweppes.com). Looking at the improved organization structure it is clear to see who is in charge of which departments within the business. (123Helpme, 2012) Looking at Cadburys it is clear to see that the company, over time, has delivered the amount of: Workforce it employees and replaced them with more efficient machines. Outsourcing areas of the company like maintenance and market research. Employees are now multi skilled, thus able to work in more than one area of the business. The company has increased its production and profitability or the restructuring. The Cadbury factories all work independently and the company as a hole is decentralized as each factory uses the resources (E.g. milk) of the country they are in. (123Helpme, 2011) Departments- Inside a business there are many different functional departments all created to help the company in its organizational methods. There are many different departments involved with Cadburys, as there are in any business all used for different functions. These are: Marketing and Sales Finance Administration and IT support Operations Research and Development Production Customer Services Human Resources Many of these all blend in together on the area of their focus but still all play an important part in the running of the business. The three departments that I will be focusing on are marketing and Sales, Operations and Administration and IT support. (123Helpme, 2011) Human Resource- Each of Cadburys factories have a HR department, which deal with the factories demand for: 1. New staff with a good skill level or possible past factory experience. 2. Train new/current staff to be able to use new equipment correctly and efficiently. 3. Help current employees with any problems they may have in their work place. (123Helpme, 2011) 5) Manufacturing/services processes Flow chart of Process Analysis at Cadbury (Source: Slideshare, 2010) 6) Management- Cadburys management style is democratic. This is when all members of staff work together as a team. The managers listen to the other employees ideas and suggestions before they go ahead with decisions. If ideas are found to be achievable and successful by the senior group, then it is taken forward. Then as a team they reach a decision. The approach of this style is that they care and listen to everyone in the teams view and what they think not just their own. This style can be used in both large and small groups. (Cadbury, 2012). It would work well in large motivated groups because they can come to a decision a lot quicker, but in a smaller group they can fail with coming up with a decision amongst themselves and will need real guidance and direction. If a decision cannot be made then a vote will take place and the outcome will be the one with the most votes. This management style is good for Cadbury because it motivates workers; with having power and decision-making and through this it allows them to be involved in the business. (Cadbury, 2012) 7) Research and Development- The Science Product Development teams significantly influence the development of strategic plans and initiatives, leading cross functional teams to resolve technical and business challenges. They are relentless champions of continuous improvement, identifying new programs and insights to benefit the business, significantly contributing and influencing the direction of strategic initiatives to leverage us to a sustainable competitive advantage. (Itsyourkindofplace, 2011) 8) Marketing Function- Cadbury believes that parents and guardians are the most important influence in the development of children. They do not advertise where children under the age of eight years are likely to be the majority of the audience. They also do not believe that its appropriate to sell our confectionery products through vending machines in primary schools and we will not do so. Cadbury will only provide vending machines in secondary schools when were asked to do so by the education or school authority, and when the products meet nutritional guidelines set by the authority. Cadbury organization is proud of its brands. They provide fun and enjoyment as treats or refreshment, and are valued for their functional benefits. They can be enjoyed as part of a balanced diet and lifestyle. They provide choice by offering variety and through innovation and encourage responsible consumption, as this is central to consumers continuing to enjoy our brands. (Cadbury, 2012) Location- Cadbury is a brand with a long history in New Zealand. Cadbury is a confectionery company owned by Kraft Foods and is the industrys second-largest globally after Mars, Incorporated. Headquartered London, United Kingdom, the company operates in more than 50 countries worldwide. It has main branches in Australia, England, New Zealand and South Africa. In New Zealand the main factory is in Dunedin. (Wikipedia, 2012) External Relationship- William was the second son of Richard Cadbury, who has strong Quaker traditions which influenced his whole life. William Cadbury established the Trust soon after his two years as Lord Mayor of Birmingham from 1919 to 1921, wishing to give more help to the causes in which he was interested. One such was the building of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, a medical centre with the space and facilities to bring together the small specialized hospitals scattered throughout Birmingham, giving them the benefit of up to date buildings, shared administration, shared services and hostels for nurses. Through this charity, he also secured several properties for the National Trust. (Bstrust, 2012) Today trustees are guided by William Cadburys concern for the welfare and wellbeing of the inhabitants of Birmingham and the surrounding area, his interest in the work of the Society of Friends at home and abroad and his belief in the continuing need for Penal Reform. (Cadbury, 2012) The Barrow Cadbury Trust is an independent, charitable foundation, committed to supporting vulnerable and marginalized people in society. The Trust provides grants to grassroots voluntary and community groups working in deprived communities in the UK, with a focus on Birmingham and the Black Country. It also works with researchers, think tanks and government, often in partnership with other grant-makers, seeking to overcome the structural barriers to a more just and equal society. (Bstrust, 2012) Competitive Positioning- Cadbury is the number one company in the chocolate making or production in New Zealand in 1824. The main focus of the Cadbury is quality. Its target market is all age groups. From then onwards Cadbury is doing well and gaining the attractions of the customers. Cadbury Confectionery Ltd is the most dominant player in chocolate confectionery in New Zealand. The company rebounded from negative media attention in 2009 to reclaim a lost percentage point in value share during 2010, to account for 52%, making it by far the largest player in chocolate confectionery. (Cadbury, 2012). During 2009, the company downsized the size of its chocolate tablets while retaining the same prices. Furthermore, it began to use palm oil in its production of chocolate (as a replacement for cocoa butter), which sparked a huge public outcry. The company therefore reversed the latter decision to protect its local image. In global terms Kraft Foods Inc purchased Cadbury in early 2010. Despite the concern that the Kraft acquisition would mean that New Zealand Cadbury favorites would be in danger, no changes have been made to local Cadbury offerings. Cadbury Confectionery Ltd was consistently the number one ranked company across all chocolate confectionery segments, exce pt chocolate with toys. (Euromonitor, 2011) Whittaker and Nestle are also great chocolate manufacturing companies and is specialist in making their own products. Nestle is specialist in making white chocolates and Whittaker is topped in the launching dark chocolates. The share value of growth sale of Cadbury, Whittaker and Nestle is given below in the pie chart. Ethical Standing- Cadbury signed with the New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC) to sponsor teams in the upcoming Vancouver 2010 Games and the London 2012 Olympics. This followed on from Cadbury committing to Tier Two sponsor status of the London 2010 Olympic and Paralympics Games and also sponsoring the Australian Olympic Committee. (Sportspromedia, 2010) There sponsorship contributed towards helping New Zealand athletes achieve their dreams and delivered the most successful Olympic campaigns New Zealand had ever seen. Cadbury is committed to growing responsibly. They believe responsible business comes from listening and learning, and having in place a clear CSR vision and strategy. Vision Working together to create brands people love. (Sportspromedia, 2010) Cadbury is a leading brand in fundraising and provides its partners, The House of Fundraising and Interworld Fundraising, with a range of top selling products from Cadbury. (Cadbury, 2012) They see CSR as a positive contributor to their competitive strategy. Increasingly they think of it as more about doing responsible things profitably than just doing the profitable things responsibly. CSR strategy Five Pillars of CSR: marketing, food and consumer trends; ethical sourcing and procurement; environment; quality, health and safety; human rights and employment standards; and community. (Innovation.cadbury, 2012) Others Another very successful TV campaign that Cadbury has launched recently is Moro 4th best which encourages Kiwis to give it a go and celebrates the underdog as all Kiwis can! Sales have progressed well for all products launched, demonstrating the strength of Cadbury brand and its heritage of launching successful innovation to market. (Archivesearch, 2009) External Environment: Demography- Demography is the main thing if someone is selling the products. Cadbury, from his very beginning, has a same focus on his demography factors. Cadbury focuses on all the people whether its a child, youngsters, teenagers or oldies. The story starts with Once upon a time in 1948à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ when Cadbury entered the Indian market. It originated from a town in the United Kingdom, Bourneville in 1905. (Cadbury, 2012) As the Cadburys official web site suggests, its journey in India has been an eventful one. In the early 1990s, it tried to cater to the sweet tooth of the children. Those days they steered the market and took control over the companys major market share. However, the strategy changed by letting out the secret that Everyone has a child inside and thus everyone craves for the taste of chocolate. Cadbury strategies went through a considerable change. It now catered from children to adults. There is some differentiation targeting as a variety of Cadbury products are available to cater for the individual needs of different groups of customers. But nowadays the people are suffering with diabetes. So the diabetic segment people started use of less chocolate or sugar free thing. Diabetes: Diabetes occurs when there is too much glucose (sugar) in the blood. Over time, this can cause damage to many parts of the body. Diabetes is common about 170,000 people in New Zealand have diabetes and rising rapidly as more of us are getting fatter. Based on the most likely future scenario, the diabetes epidemic is forecast to grow rapidly over the 15 years from 1996 to 2011. (Healthnavigator, 2012) Forecast increase in number of (diagnosed) diabetics, 1996 to 2011 (Source: Healthnavigator,2012) Economics- Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate is the leader chocolate in overall New Zealand. It will now include Fair trade Certified products in its range. Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate products becoming Fair trade Certified will increase Fair trade chocolate sales 20 fold, and double last years total sales of Fair trade Certified products in New Zealand and Australia. The scale of Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate going Fair trade is massive with more than 5.7 million Fair trade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate blocks in New Zealand and estimated 350 million Fair trade Certified Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate blocks globally in 2010. (Cadbury, 2012). The move is the result of nearly two years of work with Cadburys Fair trade partners globally. It follows more than 100 years of pioneering ethical chocolate production, including the ground-breaking Cadbury Cocoa Partnership where Cadbury is providing NZ$120 million over 10 years to improve the lives of cocoa farmers. (ChocolateCarnival, 2009) Cadbury has invested NZ$69 million to turn Dunedin into a specialist factory and secure manufacturing and jobs in New Zealand. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In the wake of rising operating and ingredient costs, Cadbury is reducing manufacturing costs so its products remain affordable at the checkout. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Dunedin upgrade into a world class specialist manufacturing facility is almost complete and it will make iconic products such as Cadbury Jaffas, Pascall Pineapple Lumps, Cadbury Chocolate Fish, Cadbury Pinky, and boxed chocolates for Australia and New Zealand as well as chocolate crumb, the base ingredient in Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate. (Cadburyworld, 2012) Cadbury Confectionery today confirmed that the restructuring of its New Zealand and Australian manufacturing operations into specialized Centers of Manufacturing Excellence is in its final stage. The project, originally announced back in September 2007 (with a further communication in August 2008) has already seen investment of $NZ69 million to improve the productivity, and secure the long-term future, of its New Zealand manufacturing operations. (Cadbury, 2012) Political and legal- Cadbury food labeling laws are very precise about what can and cannot be called chocolate. Chocolate is any product made from cocoa nibs, cocoa mass, cocoa, fat-reduced cocoa or any combination of two or more of these ingredients, with or without extracted cocoa butter and sucrose. Dark Chocolate must not contain less than 35% total dry cocoa solids, of which at least 14% must be dry non-fat cocoa solids. Milk chocolate must either be 20:20, with a minimum of 20% dry cocoa solids (of which 2.5% non-fat cocoa solids) and a minimum of 20% milk solids (minimum 5% milk fat). Dairy Milk is this type of milk chocolate. (Skillsspace, 2012) 14:25, with a minimum of 25% dry cocoa solids (of which 2.5% non-fat cocoa solids) and a minimum of 14% milk solids (minimum 3.5% milk fat). This type of milk chocolate can be called European or coating chocolate. (Skillsspace, 2012) The Food Standards Agency is responsible for checking that the law is upheld on the safety of materials that come into contact with food (e.g. food processing machinery and packaging) and food labeling. Labels must contain certain information, e.g. the product`s name, the companys name, a list of ingredients, special storage instructions). Companies have to make sure they know what the law is and that they conform to it. Two important laws are: Food Safety Act, 1990 Sale and Supply of Goods Act, 1994 Covers four main areas: Goods must: 1. Labeling 1. Be of a satisfactory quality 2. Additives 2. Fit the description given 3. Composition (or content) 3. Be fit for their purpose as made known to the seller 4. Public health and hygiene. (Source: Skillsspace, 2012) Social and culture- The culture of Cadburys started out being paternalistic as the company was devoted to making its employees feel welcome and valued within the company. Cadburys relied on its staff very heavily as without a vast employee base the company would not be the big corporation it is today. Cadburys built their famous Bourneville site along with accommodation for gaining the attractions of an employee so the workforce would be close to their place of business. Along with this the factory was built in the middle of a garden so when employees had finished work or were on a break they had somewhere to relax as well as socialize with other colleges on a Sunday as the factory was closed. Today Cadburys have become a company who has a culture, which is interested in keeping its stakeholders happy. Along with this and the advancement in technology Cadburys have now lost its broad employee range and replaced it with machines and now only employ enough staff to keep the machines going. By being stakeholder driven the company has now become controlled by shareholders who are mainly interested in the company making a profit. (123helpme, 2011) Technology- The special taste and texture of Cadbury chocolate is based on long traditions of expertise in chocolate recipe and processing methods unique to Cadbury. In this competitive era and due to advancement in science, technologies are improving and getting more reliable for the people and new technology enables the process to be highly tuned to consumers evolving tastes and preferences. Chocolate production is a highly sophisticated, computer controlled process, with much of the new specialist technology and machinery being produced to Cadburys own design and specification. The Dunedin facility employs over 700 personnel and produces in excess of 5,000t of chocolate crumb every year as well as finished products. (Cadbury, 2012). The factory is the largest chocolate manufacturing plant in New Zealand. It supplies finished products for the domestic markets in New Zealand and Australia and, in addition, exports chocolate crumb to Cadbury finishing plants in Australia, Pakistan and China. Dunedin in New Zealand was chosen by Cadbury because of its excellent infrastructure and a plentiful supply of rich milk for chocolate production. Chocolate crumb is a commodity that is in demand globally as the consumption of chocolate per capita worldwide increases to record levels. (Tourism.net, 2012) Economy- In December 2006 Cadbury Schweppes, the well-known confectionery manufacturer, announced the expansion of its operation in New Zealand on the South Island in the city of Dunedin. The expansion project required a total investment of NZ$69m (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬39m). (Cadburyworld, 2012). In August 2008, an additional investment was announced taking the total amount of investment in the project to NZ$69m. Part of the investment was contributed through the Investment New Zealand Strategic Investment Fund. This amount was around NZ$2m and was granted ostensibly for Cadbury to establish an international chocolate crumb research and product development centre at the Dunedin site. (Tourism, 2012) Cadbury contributed a further NZ$17.5m for new buildings, plant and environmental work. The company provided a further NZ$500,000 for the RD centre. (Foodprocessing, 2012). Contractors working for Cadbury Schweppes included Production Logistics NZ for control system integration and software development for the manufacturing control systems. Streak Automation has also worked on the Pack100 Wrapper Automation upgrade that involved the redesign and upgrade of the PLC and servo controls and mechanics for the high-speed wrapping machine, which wraps all of the small-size chocolate at the site. Finally, the manufacturing areas (surfaces, pipes, machinery and ceilings) at Dunedin use a special paint with low volatiles (low odor) to avoid tainting the products. (Foodprocessing-technology, 2011) SWOT Analysis- Strengths: Large teeming population of kids and teenagers Well established market Vast variety of products Priced according to Indian mind set Easy availability of cocoa in New Zealand Weakness: Large portion of population suffers from diabetes, cholesterol disorders etc Dental problems associated with consumption of chocolates. Opportunities: Innovative uncaptured chocolate market in New Zealand (such as sugar free chocolate sector). Large number of occasion celebrations and festivals in which chocs are used as a medium to convey happiness. Increasing acceptance of Globalisation and better relationship with foreign companies. Threats Competition- cut throat competition from nestle, Whitakers and international choc brands. Negative publicity and contrivances. Negative publicity and contrivances. New entrance and individual players ( rise in sale of homemade chocolates) Preference and availability of other substitutes ( sweets and deserts). Marketing Objectives: Market Share- Cadbury Confectionery Ltd is the most dominant player in chocolate confectionery in New Zealand. It has 52 % share in the market. But now its main objective is to increase its market share from 52% to 60%. For this Cadbury will now introduce more products to cater the needs of the different age sectors of the people by serving them with best quality and taste with best prices too. Growth- Cadbury has many factories for different products. Its main factory in New Zealand is in Dunedin. But nowadays the people are getting health conscious and they are getting less attracted towards the sugar products especially the children and oldies. So to satisfy their need and gain their attentions Cadbury will introduce a sugar free chocolate to resolve their unsatisfactory or unnecessary attentions towards sugar products. So to get this in existence and competition Cadbury will produce or build up new factories for sugar free chocolate at Dunedin. Cadbury will invest NZ$ 70 million to turn Dunedin into a specialist factory and introduce a sugar free chocolate manufacturing plant and secure manufacturing and jobs in New Zealand. Unit Sales- The staggering 120 million of Chocolate bars are sold every year and out of it 60 million of bars are of Cadbury and it uses 33000 liters of milk is used in the everyday production of chocolate at Dunedin chocolate plant. But now Cadbury`s main aim is to keep the unit up to 100 million every year. Sales $ %- Cadbury has sale of $120 millions in the last fiscal year. But now It is launching Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite, so its main aim is to take the sale up to $150 millions in the upcoming years. Profits- Cadbury always been there in market for the customer. So cater the need of all the group ages its taking this step and launching sugar free chocolate for the kids sector, middle age sectors and oldies as well. Also it will be beneficial for the diabetic patients and for those who are very health conscious as this sector people are increasing day by day. So Cadbury believes that its a possible. Marketing Strategies: Marketing Objectives of the company has a straight focus on the customers demand and cater the need of all age sectors customers and get the company at the top peak of all confectionary companies and remained stand on the first among all the chocolate companies by servicing best quality for which Cadbury is known for. Target Sector- The main target of Cadbury will be Kids although the other age sectors can eat it. Children (more Crazy) Youth (Gift) Parents (Care of own children) Older Age (After Having Dinner or Lunch) Promotions- Events( Christmas Celebration, Easter Shows, annually) Magazines( Women`s Weekly, 6 months) Websites( Facebook, ongoing) Posters(Retail Outlets, ongoing) Television( TV 2, Sticky TV -1 Year and TV 3-Saturday Night Movies, 1 Year) Place- Major Super Markets( New World, Countdown, Super Value Market, Pak n Save) Service Stations Medical Clinics , Rest Homes Pharmacy Dairys and convenience stores School Canteens Price- Price is an important element of the marketing mix. Initially Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite will come in the Market with an introductory price of 99c .This price will be valid for 3 months. Then the price charged for a chocolate bar can determine whether a consumer will buy it and the level of sales achieved can determine whether or not Cadbury Schweppes will make a profit. At the end of the introductory offer, the new price will be set between $1 and $2 depending on factors such as the economy, what competitors are charging, the stage reaches in the products life cycle and above all what price the market will bear. Products- Bars and Toffee Milk Family Packs Packing and Branding Square and Blocks Cadbury will first introduce its Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite in Bars and Toffee Milk for all age sectors people. After the 3 months Cadbury will launch Family Packs or can say Gift Packs so that it can be given as a presents at wedding ceremony, birthday parties and on every happy occasions. Then within six months Square and Blocks will come in existence in new shape of Cadbury with a same packaging and branding. Marketing Mix Tactics- Price: Price relates to the pricing strategy for your products or services. Pricing should take into consideration how much the market is prepared to pay (market demand pricing) and mark-ups that are needed to cater for overheads, other costs and profit margins. The provision of credit to clients, the range of credit cards accepted, volume discounting and incentives for early payment are other things to consider in your pricing strategy. So Price is the only marketing mix on which the company turnover depends. It can affect the sale percentage of an organization. As first Cadbury launches its Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite in the bar and toffee milk form. So first the toffee milk will be in pack that is 2 toffee milk in 1 pack of 99c and bar will be of $1.99 with 50g. As new machinery will be there so its easy and comfortable for the production. As mostly the bar chocolate rates are more than expected so it will be beneficial for a Cadbury Market to launch a bar chocolate at reasonable price. For this Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite will come in the Market with an introductory price of 99c .This price will be valid for 3 months. Then the price charged for a chocolate bar can determine whether a consumer will buy it and the level of sales achieved can determine whether or not Cadbury Schweppes will make a profit. At the end of the introductory offer, the new price will be set between $1 and $2 depending on factors such as the economy, what competitors are charging, the stage reaches in the products life cycle and above all what price the market will bear. Fo r Toffee milk as mentioned above the inductor price will be 99 c on 1 pack containing two toffee milk. Then onwards in the next phase of marketing it will remain same on 99c but with some discount like 4 packs for 3 dollars up to December 2012. In the next 3 months after launching of bars and toffee milk Family pack will come in the market in the size of 350g with price of $4.99. Then within the 6 months blocks will be in existence in 200g with $2.99 and get 2 blocks in only $ 4.99. It lasts for 3 months and then price will be change depending upon the marketing sale. Place: Place plays a vital role in the marketing and if it will differs from the objective that is what a company needs to do and how to increase a sale and what`s the target market as well then it can badly affect the organization. As it is well known that Cadbury is the big and number 1 company in chocolate making and now exists under the Kraft food which has a largest confectionary share in the whole market so it will not be difficult to find a place of its marketing. But as Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite will be there so new place will also be entered in its market that is medical care centre like pharmacy, clinics, school colleges etc. Dunedin is the biggest factory of Cadbury chocolate production. So all the production will occur and maintain here and then it will be distributed to rest of the places like Super Markets like Countdown, New World, Pak n Save, Dairy Shops, Service Stations, School and College Canteens and on Pharmacy as well. It will be openly distributed to all parts and zone of New Zealand. Product: Cadbury has many products in his market. All satisfy the need of customer. So every company has a goal to attract a different target sector customer. In other words Demographic factor is an important one if any organization launches a product. So production of the product should depend on this factor. Cadbury, from his very beginning, has a same focus on his demography factors. Cadbury focuses on all the people whether its a child, youngsters, teenagers or oldies. Now Cadbury will be launching Cadbury Dairy Milk Lite which is sugar free chocolate. As the There is some differentiation targeting as a variety of Cadbury products are available to cater for the individual needs of different groups of customers. But nowadays the people are suffering with diabetes. So the diabetic segment people started use of less chocolate or sugar free thing.