Stages of Prenantal Development Essay Example

Phases of Prenantal Development Paper The perplexing subtleties of life start with a solitary cell that forms into a full term baby inside roughly 38-40 weeks. The pre-birth advancement stages plot the development of the kid and give a more clear image of the improvement of the youngster in the belly. The course of this pre-birth improvement is separated into three fundamental periods:â germinal, undeveloped, and fetal. The germinal/origination stage starts with origination, happens inside the initial fourteen days. This excursion starts when the sperm and egg cell join in one of the two fallopian tubes. The treated egg, known as a zygote, at that point pushes toward the uterus, an excursion that can take as long as seven days to finish. Cell division beginsâ and proceeds quickly framing a blastocyst. At last, the blastocyst shows up at the uterus and joined to the uterine divider, a procedure known as implantation. The origination stage is fundamentally the preliminary and primer procedure of pre-birth improvement that prepares and readies the body for the looming pregnancy. When implantation has happen the blastocyst is forms into an incipient organism. This subsequent stage, theâ embryonic periodâ occurs 2 two months after origination. This is alluded as the most significant phase of pre-birth devllopment as the central improvement of the undeveloped organism starts here. During this period, the pace of cell division expands, emotionally supportive networks for the phones structure, and organs show up. The mass of cells joined to the uterine divider structures two layers and is currently called the incipient organism. Theâ inner layer of cells of the undeveloped organism is the endodermâ which forms into stomach related and respiratory frameworks. We will compose a custom article test on Stages of Prenantal Development explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Stages of Prenantal Development explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Stages of Prenantal Development explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Theâ ectoderm which is the external layer of cells will turn into the sensory system and tactile receptors, for example, ears, nose, and eyes, and skin. The center layer known as theâ mesoderm will form into the circulatory framework, bones, muscle, excretory framework, and regenerative framework. By the eighth week teeth and digestion tracts start the structure too. From the eleventh week onwards, the kid is known as an embryo, and this stage is the remainder of the pre-birth improvement course of events. This stage comes full circle in the introduction of the youngster. Improvement of the baby proceeds quickly all through the majority of this period. The embryo creates hair, nails, vocal lines, privates, solidified bones, and a working liver and kidneys. By about the twentieth week fat beginnings amassing under the skin, the heart begins siphoning more measures of blood every day, and the infant likewise begins encountering hiccups. The pace of advancement proceeds gradually as other body frameworks, for example, tendons, cerebrum and eyes keep creating. Up to the 40th week, the primary assignment is the development of the lungs, as most other body parts and organs are prepared. The youngster begins creating essential invulnerabilities, and furthermore begins filling out to confront the external condition. By about the 39th week, the kid will be fit to be naturally introduced to this world. During pregnancy there are 3 trimesters. A trimester is alluded to as a three months time frame. Most normally, the primary trimester is characterized as from origination through week 14. The subsequent trimester is from week 14 through week 28. What's more, the third trimester is from week 28 through work and convey, which changes extensively however midpoints at week 40.

Communication in Health & Social Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Correspondence in Health and Social Care - Essay Example This paper will take a gander at correspondence in the wellbeing and social consideration zone and the calculate that influence correspondence this area. Elements that influence correspondence in wellbeing and social consideration region incorporate convictions and qualities. Specialist organizations should grasp social assorted variety so as to have the option to offer administrations. In the event that the parental figure doesn't know about social decent variety, it is difficult to impart viably. Parental figures ought to be capable in the information on culture. This is on the grounds that individuals in each culture have their convictions and qualities. In a spot where there is multiculturalism it might be hard to convey (Dickson, Hargie and Morrow, 1996). This calls for parental figures to be very much educated with regards to the way of life of individuals they are serving. Individuals observation and comprehension of heath and heath care process is created through their way of life and social qualities. Peoples’ thinking on wellbeing and social consideration depends on their convictions and qualities. In the United State s wellbeing and social consideration suppliers are associated into the way of life of their calling. They are prepared in the western logical or biomedical worldwide view (Argyle, 1994). This shows the experts to hold and acknowledge convictions, standards, and qualities. This is acceptable in light of the fact that the parental figures who realize their way of life can likewise acknowledge different people’s culture. The more a guardian is aware of their way of life the more they can acknowledge the patients’ world view. Convictions of individuals can influence their consistence with treatment, accordingly a human services supplier ought to consistently have the option to comprehend the convictions of a patient for the administration gave to be helpful. The parental figure should regard the patients’ convictions and not excuse their conventional practices. A few convictions can cause a patient to lose trust on the consideration supplier therefore losing partici pation required for effective recuperating and helpful relationship. For instance, convictions on home grown medication may make a

No Link Between Autism and Vaccination

As indicated by the World Health Organization and the American Psychological Association, chemical imbalance is a formative incapacity, showing itself before the age of three, and coming about because of a confusion of the focal apprehensive system.â The formative inability is determined to have the utilization of explicit rules for hindrances in the territories of correspondence, fundamental social collaboration, the premiums of influenced people, and their creative mind just as activities.â Autistic youngsters are known to be delayed at essential procedures like language procurement that sound kids are known to adapt rapidly (â€Å"Autism†). The reasons for mental imbalance are questionable, which is the reason it is workable for individuals to plan a large group of hypotheses on the reasons for this formative handicap (â€Å"Autism†). A British report distributed in February 1998 was confounded by innumerable individuals who accepted that the information gave verification that the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) antibody was answerable for chemical imbalance in children.â The investigation was directed by a group of thirteen researchers with Dr. Andrew Wakefield of Oxford University as the group chief. After it was found that guardians had started to fear the MMR immunization in light of the fact that a discussion had been pursued concerning the information introduced in their investigation, ten of the thirteen creators of the examination report made the accompanying explanation which was distributed on the BBC site: â€Å"We wish to clarify that in this paper no causal connection was built up between MMR antibody and mental imbalance, as the information were insufficient† (Jackson). The interest for immunization fell in the United Kingdom after the information in the previously mentioned investigation had been misconstrued, and the confused data had been publicized.â This implied youngsters could never again be shielded from measles, mumps, and rubella.â In point ofâ fact, it was discovered that a noteworthy number of families had completely abandoned the possibility of inoculation for their kids. A few guardians had selected single antibodies as opposed to the MMR at that point, yet wellbeing associations and the UK government cautioned that even single immunizations put kids in danger (Burke).â What is progressively, even a few specialists in the United States had started to accept that the MMR inoculation was answerable for autism.â Globalization had spread the gossip overseas.â According to Dr. Mary Megson from Virginia, The section of kids with â€Å"regressive autism,† the structure where kids create typically for a while then lose aptitudes and sink into chemical imbalance, most generally at 18-24 long periods old enough, is expanding at an extraordinary rate.â I am seeing a few youngsters in the equivalent family influenced, remembering for the most recent week four instances of â€Å"autistic regression† creating in four-year-old kids after their MMR and DPT vaccination.â before, this was incredible. The specialist from Virginia instructed that the usage concerning safe antibody strategies should turn into a main goal, seeing that immunization can't be avoided kids (Megson).â The specialist had accepted that there was unquestionably a connection among mental imbalance and vaccination.â As a self evident reality, numerous specialists accepted what Dr. Megson had believed.â This is on the grounds that the connection between MMR immunization and chemical imbalance was that of â€Å"coincidental-timing.†Ã¢ at the end of the day, the manifestations of mental imbalance started to happen around a similar time as the inoculation. Henceforth, guardians started to erroneously accept that the immunization was to be sure answerable for autism.â Dr. Ken Haller, who fills in as an essential consideration pediatrician with the Cardinal Glennon Children’s Hospital explainedâ the deception along these lines: â€Å"When something awful happens to a youngster, everybody needs a purpose behind it†¦Ã¢ As a doctor, it's exceptionally hard for me, when I see a child who's determined to have chemical imbalance or a seizure issue, to state we have no clue why this happened.â But individuals need to get a handle on onto something; that is human instinct. (Jackson)† The â€Å"insufficient† information in the examination directed by Dr. Wakefield and his partners couldn't discover a connection among chemical imbalance and vaccination.â So, two unique gatherings of examiners in the United States endeavored to see if there was genuinely a connection among mental imbalance and vaccination.â Dr. James A. Kaye and his partners at the Boston University utilized the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database to see if 254 young men experiencing mental imbalance in their examination were really enduring a result of MMR inoculation. Dr. Loring Dales and her partners at the California Department of Health Services in Berkeley played out a comparable report during the equivalent time.â Both of these examinations inevitably demonstrated that there is no connection at all among mental imbalance and vaccination.â The consequences of both of these investigations really indicated that while the utilization of inoculation stayed steady after some time, the instances of chemical imbalance expanded significantly among kids without immunization being answerable for the expansion (Kubetin). Despite the fact that it had just been obviously demonstrated that there is unquestionably no connection among chemical imbalance and inoculation, the created existence where the discussion on mental imbalance and immunization had been pursued was looking for a genuinely extensive examination to show whether there truly is a connection among mental imbalance and immunization, or not.â K. Madsen, A. Hvii, and M. Vestergaard report on precisely the sort of study that was being looked for lastly directed on Danish youngsters: This is the most immediate assessment of whether MMR causes mental imbalance distributed to date. Despite the fact that every epidemiological examination directed as of late have discovered no affiliation between the MMR immunization and beginning of mental imbalance, structure impediments have left some uncertainty about this issue.  This verifiable companion incorporated every Danish youngster conceived somewhere in the range of 1991 and 1998 at the point when predominance rates for mental imbalance and medically introverted range issue were expanding.  Because of the meticulousness of the Danish arrangement of enlistment, ascertainment of inoculation status and medical issues was astoundingly precise and complete.  Since the associate was made out of the whole populace, both immunized and unvaccinated kids had a similar danger of mental imbalance preceding introduction to the immunization.  Nearly all youngsters were represented toward the finish of the investigation that is all.  Specialists utilizing the equivalent symptomatic arrangement framework made the analysis of chemical imbalance in a uniform way. Almost certainly, this was the exhaustive examination with ‘sufficient data’ that guardians were looking for the outcomes of.â The structure of the investigation was for all intents and purposes immaculate.â above all, the investigation demonstrated by and by that there was no distinction in the danger of mental imbalance in the youngsters that were inoculated sections those that were not vaccinated.â Moreover, the cases considered as a feature of the examination were not grouped anytime after the immunization.â Madsen et al. report that the vault information that was utilized didn't contain data on youngsters that were experiencing formative regression.â Hence, the issue that there may be kids who demonstrate helplessness to immunization, couldn't be governed out.â If there is a gathering of such kids, the hazard for vaccinatedâ children would be more noteworthy than 1.â However, the inverse ended up being genuine †that is, there is unquestionably no danger of mental imbalance in kids particularly on account of inoculation. Since the size of the example of youngsters contemplated was remarkably huge, and there was no proof to show that there is a connection among chemical imbalance and immunization, Madsen et al. inferred that guardians ought to valiantly keep on inoculating their youngsters so as to stay away from future flare-ups of disease.â Given that guardians had already just confided in bogus understandings of the British investigation that had appeared to show a connection among chemical imbalance and immunization, it is presently time to surrender the deception entirely.â Science depends on genuine realities, which is the reason we as a whole trust logical data. We have been appeared through a few examinations that there is unquestionably no connection among mental imbalance and vaccination.â There have been more investigations of a similar kind with similar outcomes that we have not discussed.â Future examinations may comparatively show that there is no connection among chemical imbalance and vaccination.â Even in this way, guardians can't keep their youngsters from inoculation hanging tight for future investigations of a similar kind, producing the equivalent results.â The fate of kids is in question without vaccination.â The logical proof that has been discovered so far is adequate. Works Cited â€Å"Autism.† (2007). Wikipedia. Recovered from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism. (4 April 2007). Burke, Maria. â€Å"Every parent's decision? Mental imbalance and immunization †the jury's out.† Chemistry and Industry (2002, February 18). Jackson, Harry Jr. â€Å"Debate on chemical imbalance and immunization began after British clinical study.† St. Louis Post-Dispatch (2004, May 28). Kubetin, Sally Koch. â€Å"MMR Vaccination Not Tied to Rise in Autism Rate.† Clinical Psychiatry News (2001, July 1). Madson, K., A. Hvii, and M. Vestergaard. â€Å"There is little proof that consolidated inoculation against measles, mumps, and rubella is related with autism.† Evidence-Based Mental Health (2003, May 1). Megson, Mary. â€Å"Autism and Vaccinations.† The Weston A. Value Foundation (2004, March 16). Recovered from http://www.westonaprice.org/youngsters/index.html. (3 April 2007).   Â

Memory Analysis

Memory Analysis â€Å"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind† is an American romantic drama with elements of science fiction that gives insight into the procedure of memory erasing. The movie tells a story of two lovers who decided to erase each other from their memories. Joel Barish is a shy and not very successful man who meets eccentric and weird Clementine Kruczynski. Even though Joe and Clementine seem to have nothing in common, they start dating right away because of the attraction they feel towards each other. As it then becomes clear, they have already known each other before they decided to erase each other from their minds. After big scandal Clementine left Joel. She used the services of a company called Lacuna Inc to erase Joel from her memory. When he came to her book shop where she worked as a seller, she could not remember him. Having found that out, Joel felt himself emptied and decided to undergo the same procedure. The rest of the film happens mainly in mind of Joel. When the erasing process goes on, he finds out that he no longer wants to forget about Clementine forever. So Joel tries to hide her in remote parts of his subconscious so as not to erase all his memories of her and their relationships. In the end Joel and Clementine meet each other. Having found their records from Lacuna, they feel embarrassed since they do not remember each other clearly. The procedure of memory erasing which both Joel and Clementine underwent was in the following way described by the doctor to Joel, â€Å"Technically speaking, the procedure  is  brain damage. Its on a par with a night of heavy drinking, nothing youll miss†. Of course, nowadays it is not possible to get a certain person erased from your memory in a selective fashion. â€Å"Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind† gives reader a clue on the great difference between emotional experience and passive one. In â€Å"Reconsolidation: the advantage of being refocused† Dudai argues that long-term memory can be influenced and thus changed in the result of such an influence. He names the process of changing long-term memory â€Å"reconsolidation† as opposed to â€Å"consolidation† ― a process of transforming unstable short-term memory into more stable long-term one. He emphasizes that, contrary to consolidation, reconsolidation happens not in every case. According to Dudai, reconsolidation cannot be compared to memory erasing. In case of post re-consolidation amnesia, there still were typical behavioral attributes of extinction such as â€Å"context-dependant renewal, spontaneous recovery and unconditioned stimulus†(p.175). Reconsolidation can offer several possibilities which may even strengthen the memory. It is a selective process, so only specific segments of memory (the ones which are associated with fear) can become reactivated. Reconsolidation, as Dudai (2006) states, has its boundaries: trace dominance (â€Å"an ability of the association to control behavior after retrieval†) (p.175); age of memory (the older the memory, the more difficult it is to change it); reconsolidation has been mainly tested on animals and its effect on people is still unclear. According to Dudai (2006), feelings like pleasure or joy, grief or fear can be recalled by memories. However, the latter can be manipulated or disrupted when reconsolidated (p.174). I hold the view that in the movie Dr. Mierzwaik who held the erasing procedure, made the following: he made his patients forcefully recall things they wanted to forger in order to exterminate the emotional roots of the memory. When the roots were exterminated, the memory began to degrade. By and large, the procedure which Dr. Mierzwaik used was aimed at attacking memory systems at the same time so as to eradicate not only declarative memories, but also amygdale based emotional memories associated with them. So, when a person sleeps, in a dream state he can get access to his memory. This is a period which Dr. Merzwaik uses so as to erase the memory. His procedure is aimed at destroying memory and making sure it won’t be recalled in future. Kindt explains reconsolidation as reactivation of some memories that are associated with a certain stimuli. It has been found by Kindt (2009) that â€Å"that oral administration of the ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol before memory reactivation in humans erased the behavioral expression of the fear memory 24 h later and prevented the return of fear†(p.256). He also emphasizes that such an erase of memory can be done not only for people who have a certain fear memory, but also for people with drug addiction for extinction of drug memories and restoring control over drug cravings. According to Kindt (2009), â€Å"Real world memory altering drugs called Beta-blockers (e.g. Propanolol) invoke the closest process for dampening the stress response associated with a fear-based memory. They work by blocking the noradrenergic response during recall.   This decouples the emotional response from the memory over time, lessening the fear but leaving the recall of the memory intact† (p.256). It can be concluded from the research carried that this can be used for people with post-traumatic stress disorder. It can be concluded that even though beta-blockers can be successfully employed at dissociating fear response from a certain stimuli, this drug has not yet be proved effective in dissociating such traumas as loss of grief. According to Evars, beta-blockers can stop the action of stress hormones by reducing the emotional impact of disturbing memories or prevent their consolidation. Her research is aimed at people who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. According to Evars (2007), the brain can produce false images in some situations. But experience as a brain construct makes them true (p.139). Evars (2007) suggests a model where the brain is â€Å"an autonomously active, projective and variable system, in which emotions and values are incorporated as necessary constraints† (p.140). She gives emotions the leading role in formation of vivid images in the memory. Therefore in order to â€Å"erase† the memory, a person has to get rid of emotional response which he has to a certain memory. Evars proves beta-blockers to be successful at reconsolidation by destroying an emotional response. Nevertheless her experiments were carried out mainly on animals. Therefore long-term effect of beta-blockers on human memory is still to be under research as well as other methods of memory erasing. It can be concluded from the movie that every person who used services of Lacuna Inc. experienced emotional trauma associated with break-up. This, though, cannot be considered as post-traumatic stress disorder. However, Evars (2007) argues that â€Å"†¦the problem is not necessarily the memory itself, but the emotional response associated with its recall† (p.139). In â€Å"Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind† episodic memory is being erased (e.g. the episodic recall of a specific event in a particular place and time) because both Joel and Clementine erase memories about each other. In the movie erasing of memory is possible based on the scientific assumption that the nature of emotional memories greatly differs from the unemotional ones. Experiencing bad emotions, people can then feel their long-lasting effect on their memory. In â€Å"Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind† traumatic memories are stored in different places with other memories in the brain. To sum up, taking into account the scholarly sources which have been reviewed, the movie cannot be considered to be truly scientific for several reasons. Firstly, currently there are no such procedures which could erase memories about lovers with whom people broke-up. The real procedure is called reconsolidation, however, it deals with people who have post-traumatic stress disorder (people experience fear, not grief or loss). Secondly, nowadays there is no scientific method which would erase the memory about a certain person forever. Rather, only slight memory  enhancement  can be possible in the nearest future. Thirdly, the procedure of erasing memory would not be similar to the one described in the movie. It would rather be an ordinary pill like Prozac. Speaking of realistic and unrealistic details in â€Å"Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind†, realistic are the first ones that come on my mind. Procedure of erasing memory is possible, roughly speaking. It is also true that emotional memories are different from unemotional ones. The doctor uses the right method to erase the memory – he makes a selective erasure by triggering memories which he would like to erase. After the procedure Joel takes medicine that systematically re-triggers previously recorder memories. Soon those memories become erased. The basic procedure of memory erasing is, by and large, a bit similar to the process of reconsolidation. With a view to make the movie more true to current science life, I would change some details. Clementine and Joel would not break up. Instead, Joel would die and Clementine would grieve over him. Then she would have a post-traumatic stress syndrome and experience sense of fear every time she comes into the apartment where she lived together with Joel. She goes to the hospital where the doctor gives her a pill. She takes medicine several times in the course of several days to get her memories of Joel more unclear. After some time she would no longer be afraid to come in into their apartment.

Art, Literature And Society From 1955-1970 Essay examples

Fear and Loathing in a Clockwork AgeAh! The noble search for identity. That intangible achievement that all artists lust after and lay in torment over. And during the post war era that struggle reached incredible magnitudes. The world cried out for legions of anti-heroes, who were only virtuous in their unapologetic and brutally honest lack of virtue. And the art world provided as many counter culture messiahs as was needed to quot;Damn the Manquot;. The Beats, hippies, and punks are evidence that behind the white picket fence of suburbia lay an America that wanted more out of life than the sugar coated portrayals of domesticity and patriotism it received from pop culture. The unfortunate side of authenticity often lead to the†¦show more content†¦To the Beats the only solution to a life of domestic stagnation was to pack up and let life lead you down one winding road after another. There was a certain comfort in the unknown. Ambiguity turned survival into a triviality, while one could find the deepest meaning in chance and whimsy. When mere existence doesn’t seem to be guaranteed it’s the little moments of perfection that become one’s focus. No other Beat poet understood that concept as well as Jack Kerouac. quot;Jack Kerouac single handedly created the beat generation. Although Allen Ginsberg, Gregory Corso and William Burroughs Brought their separate and cumulative madness to the beat generation, it was Kerouac who was the Unifying Principle.quot;(Krim,p.4)While Kerouac certainly lived for the moment it would be missing the whole point of his work to claim that was just trying to get his kicks in before it was over. If anything, he eagerly awaited his termination. And found his solace in moments of pure tranquillity, since they were the closest he could come to the state he named the Golden Eternity, which he believed awaited him after death. 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Engel began her education at Sarnia Collegiate Institute Technical School in Sarnia, Ontario, and later continued on to complete a Bachelor of Arts at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. She graduated from McMaster in 1955 and without hesitation, enrolled in a Master’s program for Canadian Literature at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. Marian was a powerful activist for women’s rights over the years, writing books, short stories, and sharing her experiences withRead MoreAdrienne C. Rich : A Cultural Poet1905 Words   |  8 Pages in Grossberg’s terms thinks â€Å"conjunctively.† She expects poems to be a dialogue with people’s movement across the globe. Keywords: Ideological struggle, emancipation, liberation, conjunctively, socio-political and topical poetry, â€Å"a great work of art,† preoccupation with the have-nots in Rich’s writings, reprimands the imperialist masters. Introduction: Adrienne Cecile Rich (b. May 16, 1929—d. March 27, 2012) has been a major American poet, essayist, cultural critic, and avid activist. She wroteRead MoreHistory of Malayalam Cinema5498 Words   |  22 PagesCONTENTS * Kerala: the legacy of visual culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦2 * The early era (1907-1950s)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..3 * 1950s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦6 * 1960s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 * The Malayalam New Wave: 1970s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.10 * 1980s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 * Golden age of Malayalam Cinema†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...17 * 1990s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦19 * Early-mid 2000s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.20 * Late 2000s†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.21 * 2010s to the present†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..21 * Actors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

The Difference Between Male And Female Penal Institutions

Global Issues: The difference between male and female penal institutions Review of Subject Prison classification is an important process in the U.S. correctional system and community corrections. Every state utilizes different types of classification instruments or methods to classify their inmates. Penal institutions in the U.S. have evolved tremendously in terms of procedures, decisions and classification. Studies from Clear et al. (2013) indicate that offenders in the United States, which consisted of men, women, and children, were all confined together in the same prison in the early 1800’s (p. 296). In our current era, correctional facilities for men and women, now have rehabilitative programs and modern identification systems that have the capability to measure â€Å"static risk factors such as criminal history or severity of current crime† (Christensen, 2008, p. 18). Modern correctional facilities do not mix the entire population of men, women, and children offenders in the same jail or prison, but rather, in separate correctional facilities with diffe rent levels of security and monitoring. This case study will briefly explore prison classifications between men and women in the U. S. correctional system. We will also examine why women prisoners are called the â€Å"forgotten offenders.† Discussion According to Clear et al. (2013), â€Å"State prisons for men are usually classified by using three security classifications-maximum, medium, and minimum† (p. 264). Similar studies fromShow MoreRelatedThe Constitutional Rights Of The United States909 Words   |  4 Pagesare like a three-pronged form of institutionalized sexism†, and the reasons are as follows: (1) women’s prisons are generally built further out causing inconveniences to friends and family; (2) they lack educational and vocation programs; and (3) female inmates are not separated and grouped by the seriousness of crime they have committed (e.g. violent offender is housed together with less violent offenders or the mentally ill) (p. 294). There are fewer correctional facilities for women in the UnitedRead MoreA Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System10770 Words   |  44 Pagesprisons, or penal institutions of the Philippines as a whole viewed from the vantage point so that it may be seen clearly and understood readily as it is organized. It should be distinguished from a penal system which may embrace or share of judicial process and may embody even the definition and application of laws and procedures, as well as critical dissertations on various penal theories and philosophies. B. History 1. Brief History of Prisons in General The prison, viewed as an institution for detainingRead MoreEssay on Foucaults Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison2301 Words   |  10 PagesFoucault’s book – Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison. This book deals with the disciplinary institutions and practices that emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. While discipline and punish is concerned with the birth of the prison in modern Europe, it has far wider implications for the everyday lives of ordinary citizens. Notions such as micro-power, disciplinary institutions, panopticism and normative judgements. Foucault developed this material through the research methodsRead MoreMale vs. Female Offenders2095 Words   |  9 Pagesworld is predominately male dominated. As the years go by, female incarceration levels have been rapidly increasing. The prisons in early days didn’t have to worry about dealing with two different types of inmates as there were not that many females incarcerated. While male and female inmates do have some similarities, they also have some distinct differences. The way they conduct themselves in prison are different; as are they way they interact with other inmates. Males typically ar e in prisonRead MoreSymbolic Interactionism, Functional Analysis, and Conflict Theory in the Film, Gran Torino1773 Words   |  7 Pagesdresses shows that they are Americans, but their grandfather does not like the way they behave during his wifes burial. The behaviors portrayed by the immigrants gangs show the glimpse picture of immigrants and societal unfairness. The interaction between Walt and the gangs show how powerful Americans are. Walt acts as a symbol of power when he goes to confront the gang in their house, he does not seem threatened by the gang who draws their weapons, and he does not find himself guilty of confrontingRead More Drugs in the Prison System Essay3203 Words   |  13 Pagesconsist of an analysis of the use and abuse of illicit drugs within the prison systems on a global basis. With information gathered from various sources such as the internet and one on one interviews with an inmate in a male correctional facility and a former inmate of a female correctional facility I intend to show the rampant flow of drugs in and out of the prison system, the control of (or lack there of) by prison officials, the drug gangs and dealers in correctional facilities, the rateRead MoreDrugs in Prison Essay3335 Words   |  14 Pagesconsist of an analysis of the use and abuse of illicit drugs within the prison systems on a global basis. With information gathered from various sources such as the internet and one on one interviews with an inmate in a male correctional facility and a former inmate of a female correctional facility I intend to show the rampant flow of drugs in and out of the prison system, the control of (or lack there of) by prison officials, the drug gangs and dealers in correctional facilities, the rateRead MoreSentencing Disparities And Race On Criminal Sentencing2644 Words   |  11 Pagesalone.† (Lee 2008). In 1988, the Street Terrorism Enforcement and Prevention Act (STEP ACT) was implemented to address the growing amount of gang crimes. The STEP Act was embedded under section 186.22 of the California Penal Code. (Yoshino 2008). Section 186.22 of California Penal Code has been used to impose mandatory minimum sentencing terms for crimes committed by individuals who â€Å"actively participate in any criminal street gang.† The STEP ACT has been associated with biased attitudes towardsRead MoreUnderstanding Emotional Differences between Male and Female Prisoners through Deficiency Theory and Importation Theory4979 Words   |  20 Pagesnoted how relationships of female inmates with additional inmates and staff are likely to be more private and to have more emotional components than those of ma les. The officers also recommended that female inmates take the reality of imprisonment more personally than males. This response seems to happen in response to disciplinary hearings and to officers giving instructions and reprimands. Officers state that women take things to heart (Ott, 2006) more than do males, which is an additional wayRead More Gender Politics in the Criminal Justice System Essay4043 Words   |  17 Pagesthe affect that the different waves of feminism have had on policies and practices towards women in this system. I plan to argue that the criminal justice system is another form of patriarchal control, a sexist organization which creates conflict between the private sphere of a womans life and the public. This control extends far beyond the just incarcerated women, it affects all women. Despite the fact that there have been changes to certain policies and prison regulations, though made with resistance

Auditor Fees and Auditor Independence

Question: Discuss about the Auditor Fees and Auditor Independence. Answer: Introduction The organizations surviving in the economic structure of different countries requires to analyze their business process from time to time in order to maintain a clean and just management and production function. Auditing is one of the major tools for evaluating and inspecting the quality and process system to comply with the needs of the organization. Auditing can be applicable to an entire firm or can be to a specific department or production step. This study is undertaken to find out the various potential threats to the independence of the auditors according to the various situations given in the study and to find out the remedies to these threats to safeguard the auditors interest (Leung et al.2015). The following conditions determine the various potential threats to the following cases: The auditor works for Green Pastures Ltd for a very long time and has a good knowledge about the client. From this situation, it is understood that the independent threat similar to this situation is the familiarity and complacency threat. The auditor has been working with these organizations for a very long time and thus there exists a familiarity between the organization and the audit firm. This familiarity withers away the sense of doubt and hesitation, which should exist within the auditor in order to find out the weaknesses of the firm (Koch, Weber and Wstemann 2012). Auditor in this case develops a sense of overconfidence about their knowledge about the firm. The long-term relationship among the two parties creates a satisfaction among the auditors and thus leads to underestimation of all the caution signs within the firm. It is advisable to bring in fresh and new auditor into the firm, which will be helpful for a better and efficient scrutiny. Still familiarity has the positiv e effects as it creates a better understanding about the clients which creates a better working (Blay and Geiger2013). The second situation refers to a person named Samuel Rose who is a part of an audit team, which audits the Saturn Ltd. After a few weeks of working with the client, he was offered a job by the above-mentioned organization. Samuel Rose was interested in the offer, as he had to join right after the completion of the present audit. This situation complies with the threat of management and employment. The auditor is different from the audit firm and this difference should be maintained. The threat becomes more complex when the present auditor of the firm is offered a job to perform a management role of the firm. In this situation, the Samuel Rose, the present auditor of the firm is employed to work for the organization. This creates a concern because the other member working in the audit team will be unwilling to criticize their former colleague. The second concern is that Samuel Rose being an ex employee of the audit team will have a good knowledge about their audit process and thus wil l be aware of their strengths and weaknesses. Samuel Rose will thus take advantage of this situation and try to give an advantage to the client. The third situation is about a major client named as Fresh Juices Ltd who wants the audit firm to act as a consultant to evaluate the entitys quality control about their product. The problem the audit team uses up the directors feel is that the staffs time by asking irrelevant questions. The independent threat related to this situation is the Economic bonding associated with Fresh Juices Ltd and the audit team. The income of the auditors depends on their clients as they earn a living by working for them. Thus the auditors always tries to keep their clients happy to maintain a healthy relation between them. The auditors also perform non- audit services like in this case surveying the staffs of the firm to compute the quality control of the firm. The auditors try and perform their task as mentioned to them to increase their income. This economic bond can act a threat to the independence of the auditors because these non-audit services performed by the auditors to earn lucrative incomes diminish their class of work in the audit services. The non- audit services performed by the auditors reduce the efficiency of their audit works (DeFond and Zhang 2014). The fourth situation refers to a client named Excelsior Ltd. The financial director Susan James retired and Steve Price who is also a long time friend of the audit manager Geoff Holmes replaced him. Geoff Holmes was also the best man in Steves wedding. The situation suggests that these two people are very closely connected and thus the threat associated with this situation is Social Bonding. There exists a long term friendship between the audit manager and the financial director of the organization. Thus the objectivity from the auditors side decreases. The biasness is grounded on the psychology theory and takes place due to close relationships and their interests cannot be separated from each other. The audit manager will be biased and his work of audit will not give out the original result. The last case concerned about My Super Ltd whose taxation work is rejected and has been referred to the Superannuation Complaints Tribunal and MSL. The threat concerned with this case is Litigation, which refers to the disputes between the taxation treatment of material amount, which led to the creation of a legal action where the organization has been asked to show its treatment to the concerned government body. The rejection of the taxation sheet will create a dispute between the auditors and the clients which can also be taken as far as the court (Porter, Simon and Hatherly 2014). The safeguards associated with the above threats are as follows: The application of a mandatory rotation policy about changing the auditor of a firm after a certain time span will eliminate the familiarity and complacency from the audit services. The appointment of a new auditor will give an efficient evaluation of the performance of the organization without any malpractice. The second threat can be eliminated by implementing the remedy to modify the selection process for the appointment of the management employees and the auditors, which makes them more liable to the shareholders and the management. The shareholders need to be given more power within the organization to directly appoint new employees and external auditors (Dhaliwal et al. 2015). The third situation can be controlled by limiting the non-audit services by the audit firms. A proper law needs to be passed to stop the non-audit services of the organization and thus increasing the efficiency of the audit services from the auditors providing a proper and just evaluation of the business process. The fourth situation can be stopped is by introducing the mechanism of better disclosure where the investors and the shareholders should be provided with proper knowledge about the people appointed and their economic dependence. The investors need to know the relation between the management and the auditors and their effects (DeFond and Zhang 2014). The process of market forces can reduce the last situation where there exists a lot of external auditors in the market and thus any client has the power to appoint any other auditor if there exists a dispute between the client and the auditors which can lead to any litigation. This situation can eliminate any discrepancy from the auditors side and they would work harder to exhibit higher audit standards (Koch, Weber and Wstemann 2012). Situation Threat Justification Safeguard Assessment of audit independence Audit practices for Green Pastures Ltd working for a long time and having a long term relationship Familiarity and Complacency The auditor has been working for the firm for a very long time and so has a good knowledge about the audit process and the business process Mandatory rotation rules The audit independence can be maintained by appointing new auditor into the firm which will provide a new outlook towards the weaknesses of the firm and will properly scrutinize the working process to make the organization more efficient. Samuel Rose an auditor auditing for Saturn Ltd has been offered job by Saturn Ltd Management and employment Samuel Rose has been working as an auditor and examining the process of Saturn Ltd, which led to the Saturn Ltd appointing him to the firm as he has good knowledge about the audit process. Modifying the Selection Process If the selection process is modified by giving some power to the shareholders to appoint their new employees and external auditors will lead to creation of just audit process and will increase efficiency Fresh Juice Ltd to review its quality control of its product has asked to evaluate the quality control process. The economic bond Fresh Juice Ltd to review its quality control has asked the audit team to evaluate this process and thus asking them to perform a non-audit service for the organization Limitation on the non-audit services. If the non-audit services of the organization are eliminated he performance of the auditors will be much more better for the audit services creating independence to the auditors. Steve Price was appointed as the new finance director after the retirement of Susan James. Mr. Price is also friend of the audit manager of the firm. Taxation sheet of material amount rejected by the tribunal Social Bond Litigation Having a close friendship between the auditor and finance director will create a sense of biasness among proceedings of the business and the work output will not be according the original proceedings of the business. A mistake in the tax sheet has led to its rejection in the Taxation office and thus has created a dispute between the auditors and the clients. Better Disclosure Market Forces The disclosure about the employment process of the organization will demonstrate a true working sense without any biasness in the business The availability of many external auditors in the market will create a competition for the auditors and thus increasing their standard of work and creating auditor independence. Table 1: Independence of Auditors (Source: Eilifsen et al. 2013) Conclusion The above study determines the various conditions, which arises in the normal economic market during the audit process and defines the various potential threats which affect the auditor independence and also the remedies which can be implemented to eliminate these threats and create a proper auditing practice. Reference List Blay, A.D. and Geiger, M.A., 2013. Auditor fees and auditor independence: Evidence from going concern reporting decisions.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), pp.579-606. Carson, E., Fargher, N.L., Geiger, M.A., Lennox, C.S., Raghunandan, K. and Willekens, M., 2012. Audit reporting for going-concern uncertainty: A research synthesis.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,32(sp1), pp.353-384. Church, B.K., Jenkins, J.G., McCracken, S.A., Roush, P.B. and Stanley, J.D., 2014. Auditor independence in fact: Research, regulatory, and practice implications drawn from experimental and archival research.Accounting Horizons,29(1), pp.217-238. DeFond, M. and Zhang, J., 2014. A review of archival auditing research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.275-326. Dhaliwal, D.S., Lamoreaux, P.T., Lennox, C.S. and Mauler, L.M., 2015. Management Influence on Auditor Selection and Subsequent Impairments of Auditor Independence during the Post SOX Period.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(2), pp.575-607. Dogui, K., Boiral, O. and Heras Saizarbitoria, I., 2014. Audit fees and auditor independence: The case of ISO 14001 certification.International Journal of Auditing,18(1), pp.14-26. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013.Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Koch, C., Weber, M. and Wstemann, J., 2012. Can auditors be independent? experimental evidence on the effects of client type.European Accounting Review,21(4), pp.797-823. Leung, P; Coram, P; Cooper, B; Richardson, P; Modern Auditing Assurance Services 2015; 6th Ed; Wiley Porter, B., Simon, J. and Hatherly, D., 2014.Principles of external auditing. John Wiley Sons.